{"id":81238,"date":"2017-10-04T18:40:41","date_gmt":"2017-10-04T15:40:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=81238"},"modified":"2017-12-03T06:39:26","modified_gmt":"2017-12-03T03:39:26","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%85%d9%81%d8%b5%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82-%d9%88-%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%ab%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%85%d9%81%d8%b5%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82-%d9%88-%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%ab%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82-3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b"},"content":{"rendered":"

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– \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629[234]<\/span>
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2 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0644 : L\u2019internaute<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0632\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0631\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n

\u0628 \u2013 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627 :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (1) \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (2).<\/p>\n

1 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0640\u0631 :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (1\u20131) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0651\u0644(1\u20132).<\/p>\n

1 \u2013 1- \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646[235].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 52 \u0645\u0646 \u0642-\u0645-\u062a-\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 254 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0632\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062b\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 254 \u0645-\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 6 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0640 500 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0643 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 53 \u0645\u0646 \u0642.\u0645.\u062a.\u0623. \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u062d \u0641\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0644\u0651! \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647.<\/p>\n

1-2- \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0651\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0644 :<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642-\u0645-\u062a-\u0623 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 48 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629[236] \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 6 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 1.000 \u0648 10.000 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

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2 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f :<\/span><\/p>\n

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(Synchronisation permanente) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 (Serveur) \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Horloges de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence)[251] \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e Un tiers d\u2019horodatage \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627 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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (Le t\u00e9l\u00e9paiement) \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f (Carte de cr\u00e9dit) \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 :<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 :<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a L\u2019internationalisation des \u00e9changes[]
\n– \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a :L\u2019environnement informatique \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0637\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 .
\n– \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 :La protection des int\u00e9r\u00eats des acteurs<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 S\u00e9curit\u00e9\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 L\u2019anonymat \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 Le confort d\u2019utilisation<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649) \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 : \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a (\u0623) \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0628).<\/p>\n

\u0623 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629
\n1- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 :\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a : \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 Logiciel \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 Cyber Cash \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 Cyber Cash.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0625\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 (Authentification des parties et du contenu)\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0628\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 Cyber Cash \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

2 – \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 Kleline :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 Cyber Cash \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 Kleboxe.<\/p>\n

3 – \u0646\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0645 First virtual :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 First virtual.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0640First virtual \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635\u064a (\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f) \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 First virtual \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 First virtual \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n

4 – \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0644 Set :Secure Electronic Transaction<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0644 (Secure Transaction Technology STT) \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0644 (Secure Electronic Payment Protocole SEPP) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c Visa, Nets cape, Microsoft, Mastercard \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0651\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0644 (Secure Socket layer) SSL \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Cyber Cash \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u00ab C-SET \u00bb \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629.
\n\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 La puce \u00e9lectronique \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u00ab Lecteur de carte \u00bb \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 :<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 :
\n1- \u0634\u064a\u0643 FSTC (Financial Services Technology Consortium)<\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 FSTC \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

2- Netchex :<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d Netchex \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0640 Netchex \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639 (un compte factice : shadow<\/p>\n

account) \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 Netchex \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629[254].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d “\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a[255]”.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641[256] \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644[257].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0646\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f 61 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2000 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 20 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 2000 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 294 \u0645 \u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 “\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639” \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 373 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 : “\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.”[258]<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span>
\n\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u200c- \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 :<\/span> Porte monnaie \u00e9lectronique
\n\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 Carte de paiement pr\u00e9pay\u00e9e \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 microprocesseur\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 Mondex \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a Mondex[259].<\/p>\n

\u0628- \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 :<\/span> Porte monnaie virtuel
\n\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a (le disque dur de l\u2019ordinateur) \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Digicash \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1990[260].<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Ecash) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0632\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 (cyber wallet) \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062d\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0641 La signature aveugle \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 E-Cash \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 E-Cash \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n

\u062c- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 :<\/span> Les jetons \u00e9lectroniques ou E-monnaie
\n\u0648\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u062d\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629[261].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a S-Dinar \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a (Compte virtuel)[262] \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f (carte de rechange) \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (20 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u2013 30 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u064850 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631) \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0651\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a :<\/span>
\n– \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629
\n– \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0651\u064a<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643[263] \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a :<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631) \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 (\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629) \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 M. J\u00e9r\u00f4me<\/p>\n

\u00ab A chaque t\u00e9l\u00e9paiement, il faudrait attribuer un num\u00e9ro d\u2019accus\u00e9 de r\u00e9ception et inviter le client \u00e0 le noter et \u00e0 le conserver. Ce num\u00e9ro d\u2019accus\u00e9 de r\u00e9ception du t\u00e9l\u00e9paiement aurait pour avantage, aussi, de permettre au client de prouver la date de paiement \u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646[264] \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647[265] \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u0647 J. Huet\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647
\n\u00ab La preuve du t\u00e9l\u00e9paiement rel\u00e8ve des m\u00eames r\u00e8gles que la preuve de la transaction dont il assure le r\u00e8glement \u00bb[266]
\n\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627.
\n\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a : \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a : \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644) \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 : \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 :<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Extr\u00e9misme juridique) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0641\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644) \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b) \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 : \u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0641\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 :<\/span>
\n\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a ( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 : \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 :<\/span>
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\u00ab L\u2019\u00e9crit sous forme \u00e9lectronique est admis en preuve au m\u00eame titre que l\u2019\u00e9crit sur support papier\u2026 \u00bb<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061f
\n\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a Ad probationem \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a Ad solemnitatem[271] \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 449 \u0645-\u0627-\u0639.<\/p>\n

“\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 444 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 445 … ”
\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 Aubert[272] :<\/p>\n

\u00ab La forme contient la preuve, mais la preuve ne contient pas la forme \u00bb.
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 1317 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 :
\n“\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629.”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0634\u0642\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0647 L. Grynhaum \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 :
\n\u00ab Un acte authentique dress\u00e9 sur support \u00e9lectronique perdra toute sa force d\u00e8s lors qu\u2019il sera \u00e9tabli en dehors de la pr\u00e9sence physique du notaire et des parties \u00e0 l\u2019acte. Le nouvel article 1317 en retirant le r\u00f4le de t\u00e9moin privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019officier public prive l\u2019acte authentique de son essence et signe ainsi sa d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance. \u00bb[273]
\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0639 :<\/p>\n

– \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647.
\n[FONT=&quot]- \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab Intuitus personne \u00bb \u0636\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621[274].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a Le contrat authentique virtuel.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0647\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f (T\u00e9moins instrumentaires) \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627[275].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f (l\u2019authentification ) \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0647 ( r\u00e9pertoire) \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 ( dur\u00e9e illimit\u00e9e) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 ad valitatem \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 28 \u0642.\u0645.\u062a.\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 :<\/p>\n

” \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643.”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a :<\/span>
\n\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 ( \u0623 ) \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 ( \u0628 ) .<\/p>\n

\u0623 \u2013 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 :<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 : les contrats solonnels [276] ;\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u0629
\n\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 2 \u0645.\u0627.\u0639 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f Carbonnier :
\n\u00ab la forme est une cinqui\u00e8me condition essentielle pour la validit\u00e9 des contrats \u00bb.
\nTRAITE DE DROIT CIVIL<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1996 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 :<\/p>\n

” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629
\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a ( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 598 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 ) \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629
\n\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629. ” [277]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 190 \u0645.\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 :<\/p>\n

” \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627.”[278]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 [279] \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0651 :<\/p>\n

” \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0649\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 190 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644.”[280]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 238 \u0645 \u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647 :
\n” \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.” .<\/p>\n

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\n” \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 …. “[281].<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 : \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 3 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0640\u0640 93 \u0640\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2000 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 3 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2000 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 ” \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627.”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644 .<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 377 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645.\u062d.\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 …<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0640 8 \u0640\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1996 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a 15 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1996 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 377 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 373\u0645\u0646 \u0645.\u062d.\u0639[287]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629\u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0651 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 3 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a[288] \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1990 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a :
\n– \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0643\u0646\u0649.
\n– \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0643\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 9 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645.\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 377 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645-\u062d-\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 :<\/span><\/span>
\n\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0641\u064a
\n9 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1997\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 :<\/p>\n

“\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0641\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 11 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647
\n\u0639\u0640501\u0640\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1997 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 14 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1997.”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a ( \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a ) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a (bits). \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 128 \u0628\u064a\u062a [289].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629[290] .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u061f<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 BENTHAM \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 :<\/span>
\n\u00ab L\u2019art de la proc\u00e9dure n\u2019est autre chose que l\u2019administration de la preuve. \u00bb[291]
\n\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u061f \u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 ( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 ) \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0627
\n( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 ) .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633: Le principe du contradictoire<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629.
\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 114 \u0645 . \u0645 . \u0645 . \u062a :
\n” \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645. ”
\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633.[292]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 460 \u0645.\u0625.\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 :
\n” \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 ” \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0647 ” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0641\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627 … \u0625\u0644\u062e \u0641\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0642\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0647” \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 458 \u0648 459 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 .<\/p>\n

\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 ” \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 ” \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 40 \u0645 . \u0645 . \u0645 . \u062a [293]. \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.[294] \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 :<\/p>\n

” \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 .”
\n\u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0628\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e9somption de fiabilit\u00e9 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u060c \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629[295] \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 :<\/p>\n

” \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629. “<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 ) \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a :
\nLe principe du parall\u00e9lisme des proc\u00e9dures et des formes \u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 474 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645 . \u0625. \u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 :<\/p>\n

” \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631. “<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 424 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 :<\/span>
\n” \u0625\u0630 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0629.”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u061f .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 . \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 :<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 490 \u0645 . \u0625 . \u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 :<\/span>
\n” \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627.
\n\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0631\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a . “<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628.
\n\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 (une offre ) \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 (acceptation d\u2019une offre ) .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 : \u0633\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 .
\n\u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 28 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645 . \u0623. \u0639 ) \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647 ) \u061f<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0649\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0625\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 [296] \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u064a\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 1316 \u2013 2 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 :<\/span><\/span>
\n\u00ab lorsque la loi n\u2019a pas fix\u00e9 d\u2019autres principes, et \u00e0 d\u00e9faut de convention valable entre les parties , le juge r\u00e8gle les conflits de preuve litt\u00e9rale en d\u00e9terminant pour tous moyens le titre le plus vraisemblable quel qu\u2019en soit le support. \u00bb<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 [297] \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629:Vraisemblable \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a [298] \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 [299]\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0634\u0642 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a ( le crit\u00e8re probabiliste ) [300] \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 [301]<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n

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\n” \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u062b.”<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b : \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\nCyber espace ; Cypermonde, cyber monnaie, **** ; Hyper****e ; E.D.I , Unix, \u2026
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\n…\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u200b<\/p>\n

\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644: \u200f2013\/7\/26
\nhalafleur, \u200f2013\/5\/27 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0640\u063a#4\u0623\u0639\u062c\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062f
\nhalafleur
\n\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642
\nhalafleur
\n\u0625\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a:\u200f2013\/3\/18
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a:730
\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0629:32
\n\u0631\u062f: \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 :<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ) \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a ) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b ).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 ( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 ) \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 ) .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 : \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 :<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f : ” 0 ” \u0648 ” 1 ” .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0635\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 :<\/span><\/p>\n

1-<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a : \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 …\u0627\u0644\u062e.
\n2-<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643.
\n3-<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631
\n4-<\/strong> \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f.
\n5-<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 WORM \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 L\u2019Afnor [305] \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 ISO [306] \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 WORM \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0637\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 ( Sa durabilit\u00e9 et sa continuit\u00e9 ) \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 , Lucien PAULIAC \u060c \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 :<\/p>\n

\u00d4tez au num\u00e9rique la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre trait\u00e9, et vous supprimez le num\u00e9rique \u00bb
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 ( Un algorithme secret ) \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u061f
\n\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629
\n( Ses aspects logiques ) \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u061f<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0651 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627 . \u0641\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640 512 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u062a ( Microsoft ) \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0628 (Nestscape ) \u0623\u0648 1024 \u0628\u064a\u062a (Bits ) \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d 512 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646.[307]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0633\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0637\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0637\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 :<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 .<\/p>\n

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\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 80% \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0628\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0637 [319]<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u061f<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 .<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 : \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u061f \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u061f \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u061f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u061f<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u061f \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0642\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

* \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u061f<\/span> \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0651\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

* \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u061f<\/span> \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n

* \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u061f<\/span> \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0621worms et viruses \u060c \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a .<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062e\u0651\u0636 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0649\u061f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b : \u0625\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a
\n\u00ab La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 n\u2019est jamais parfaite, c\u2019est un \u00e9ternel recommencement \u00bb.
\n\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0651\u0644 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 : \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649) \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629).<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 : \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a :
\n\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0644\u0627\u0631 :”\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647”
\n\u0648\u0623\u0646 : “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0621.”[322]<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0646\u0651 :<\/span>
\n\u00ab La s\u00e9curit\u00e9, la fiabilit\u00e9, la qualit\u00e9 dans le temps des supports, ne peut qu\u2019augmenter, en rajoutant de nouveaux outils au fur et \u00e0 mesure qu\u2019ils apparaissent. \u00bb[324]
\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651 :<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0625 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0647\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 :<\/p>\n

Le contradictoire \u0641\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u062d\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0625 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 :<\/p>\n

– \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629.
\n– \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647 (incontournable) \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n

– \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644.”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u061f<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u061f<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 Lucien PAULIAC :
\n\u00ab Quand le saucier se donne trop de mal, il vaut mieux se m\u00e9fier de la fra\u00eecheur du poisson. \u00bb[326]
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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0647.[327]<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/span>
\n\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631 :
\n” \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631 ”
\n\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0646 :<\/span>
\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 ( \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 ) \u062b\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f 57 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f ) \u0648\u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a ( \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 1999 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0651\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 ) \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 P. leclercq \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 :<\/span>
\n\u00ab la preuve sur papier n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 reconnue juridiquement par sa seule s\u00e9curit\u00e9 technique d\u2019ailleurs non optimale ( \u2026 ). La primaut\u00e9 juridique de l\u2019\u00e9crit est surtout justifi\u00e9e pour un ensemble de consid\u00e9rations sociales ; tenant \u00e0 la solennisation de son \u00e9tablissement, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 de tous les alphab\u00e9tis\u00e9es \u00e0 sa production ; \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9tablissement en autant d\u2019exemplaires que des parties, \u00e0 l\u2019aisance de son archivage. C\u2019est pourquoi le succ\u00e8s de la preuve \u00e9lectronique sera subordonn\u00e9e \u00e0 sa reconnaissance par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, elle m\u00eame d\u00e9pendante de la prennit\u00e9 des techniques mises en \u0153uvre et de la possibilit\u00e9 pour tous d\u2019y acc\u00e9der \u00e0 un co\u00fbt raisonnable \u00bb.[328]<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0637\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062b\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 .
\n\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 :
\n\u00ab ce n\u2019est pas parce que les choses sont difficiles que nous n\u2019osons pas ; c\u2019est parce que nous n\u2019osons pas qu\u2019elles sont difficiles \u00bb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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