{"id":81227,"date":"2017-10-04T17:46:25","date_gmt":"2017-10-04T14:46:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=81227"},"modified":"2017-12-03T06:39:26","modified_gmt":"2017-12-03T03:39:26","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%85%d9%81%d8%b5%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82-%d9%88-%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%ab%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%85%d9%81%d8%b5%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82-%d9%88-%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%ab%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b6\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a – \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629[9] \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646[10] \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631[11] \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0628” \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 “\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0633 \u0625\u0641 \u0622\u064a” \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f :
\n\u00d8 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u00d8 \u0625\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 40 \u0645.\u0645.\u0645.\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n

“\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a.”<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0651\u0629[17] \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\n(\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a : \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a : \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ) \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 ( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a )<\/span> <\/span>.
\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a (D\u00e9mat\u00e9rialisation) \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a ) \u0648 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b ) \u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 ).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 : \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>
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\u00ab la preuve litt\u00e9rale ou preuve par \u00e9crit, r\u00e9sulte d\u2019une suite de lettres, de caract\u00e8res, de chiffres ou de tous autres signes ou symboles dot\u00e9s d\u2019une signification intelligible, quels que soient leur support et leurs modalit\u00e9s de transmission \u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627[29] \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0640\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0646\u064a(Le principe de la neutralit\u00e9 technique )
\n\u0641\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 (Le principe de la non\u2013discrimination \u00e0 l\u2019encontre d\u2019un support ou d\u2019un m\u00e9dia).[30]
\n\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629” \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 “<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651\u064a ” \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628[31]\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a ” \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 .”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u064a ” \u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621 ” [32]\u064a\u062a\u0651\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0651\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627,[33] \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 [34].<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 1316 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651 ” \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 “<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/span>
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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 : \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 :<\/span><\/span>
\n\u00ab Pour vivre heureux, il faut vivre cach\u00e9 \u00bb
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\n\u00ab \u2026 Dot\u00e9s d\u2019une signification intelligible \u2026 \u00bb<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641[40] \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645[41] \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a[42] \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632[43] \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 [44] \u0623\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1997 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 ” \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 ” \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u2013X- \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0647<\/p>\n

(Le d\u00e9chiffrement ) \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0628 \u2013 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u2013 Y \u2013 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1…\u0625\u0644\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n

(Sa signification ) \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0621\u0627 ( Lisible ) \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 (Intelligible)\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 ” \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0648…” (Suite de\u2026\u2026) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 “\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0648…..” (Ensemble de \u2026.) \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 .<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 , \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629 (compr\u00e9hensible) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647, \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 , \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a .
\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a
\n\u00ab Ne pas \u00eatre on ne peut \u00eatre prouv\u00e9 , c\u2019est tout un \u00bb
\n\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 Laurent Boyer \u0648 Henri Roland [45]\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a
\n\u00ab Idem est non esse et non probari . \u00bb<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0647 . \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647 [46]. \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0627
\n\u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 , \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 , \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645- \u0625 \u2013\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 [47] \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 6 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 : ” \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 , \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627.” \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651[48] .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 (La Conservation) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627) \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629[49]. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641
\n(Archivage ) \u0643\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 [50] .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 [51]\u060c \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f 83 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2000 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 9 \u0623\u0648\u062a 2000 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 )\u0623( \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0629 )\u0628(.<\/p>\n

\u0623 – \u0637\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0640\u0638 :<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f[52] \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 [53] \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645.\u0625.\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a [54] \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 :
\n” \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 :<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627
\n– \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

– \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 ” .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 [55] \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u061f .
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629[56] \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 .\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u060c \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 “.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 [57] \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642.\u0645.\u062a.\u0623 : ” … \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627.” \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a :<\/p>\n

” … \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :
\n– \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u060c
\n– \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u0629
\n– \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a
\n– \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 …”<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 ” \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 L\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629
\n[58]La fiabilit\u00e9 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a[59] \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629[60] \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 [61] \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 ” \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642.\u0645.\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 2 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645.\u0625.\u0639 ” \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 … \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627…”.\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 ” \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 “.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 8 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a :<\/span><\/p>\n

” \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 ( le degr\u00e9 de la fiabilit\u00e9 ) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629.”<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0646 :<\/span>
\n\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627 :<\/strong>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0625\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.
\n\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 :<\/strong> \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a.
\n\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627 :<\/strong> \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e [62]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u060c\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629<\/span> :<\/p>\n

1-\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/span> \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0649\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 100 % \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 .<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a :<\/span> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0651\u0629 .
\n3- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0651\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a :<\/span> \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627.\u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

1-<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 (Microfilm) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 (Film) \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0651 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 .
\n2-<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0634 (Microfiche) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637
\n( 105 \u00d7 148 \u0645\u0645 ) \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627.
\n3-<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 ( disques magn\u00e9to-num\u00e9riques )
\n4-<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 Disques magn\u00e9to-optiques) )
\n5-<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629
\n6-<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 (Les cartes \u00e0 puce )
\n7-<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 CD-ROM \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 : C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 : A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 : D \u0623\u0648 E .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0640 MEGA OCTET \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0648 Gega Octet \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 octet \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0641 A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 9 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 Octet \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a BIT \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 1 \u0623\u0648 0 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 R.A.M \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 DE MASSE \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a[63].<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 ” 1 ” \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 ” 0 ” \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a : \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 (CONTROL UNIT ) \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0650\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 ” 1 ” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0650\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 ” 0 ” \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646 :<\/span><\/span>
\n1- \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0621 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u062e \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 .
\n2- \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 “\u0628\u0640 ” WORM ”
\n(WRITE ONCE READ MANY).<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 (CD-ROM) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 CD-WORM \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0646\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647[66]\u0634\u0645\u0644 :<\/span><\/span>
\n1- \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0645 Bull \u0648 Digital \u0648 IBM \u0648 ICL .
\n2- \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 CD.ROM : \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Ddigidoc
\n3- \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 DON : \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Dorotech .
\n4- \u0645\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 : \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 TRANSPAC
\n5- Une agence s\u00e9curit\u00e9 : CAP-SESA FINANCE
\n6- Un serveur de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des transmissions de donn\u00e9es : st\u00e9 v\u00e9ridial.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u061f<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a (DON) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0637 magn\u00e9tique Bande
\n\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 DDIGIDOC \u0623\u0646 DON-WORM \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 : IRREVERSIBLE \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u061f<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 ( Irr\u00e9versible ) \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u061f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628 \u2013 \u0622\u062c\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0638 :<\/span>
\n\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 JEAN \u2013LOUIS RIVES \u2013LANGE \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 [67] \u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 597 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

“\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0635 \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 8 \u0645\u0646 \u0645.\u062a.\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 : ” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

3)<\/strong> \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627[68]. “<\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 2 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1993 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 60 \u0648 61 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 ” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1) \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 8 \u0625\u0644\u0649 13 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 25 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646
\n\u0639\u0640\u0640 112 \u0640\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1996 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 30 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1996 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0651\u0647\u0627 : ” \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 .”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a [69] .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 189 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a :<\/p>\n

\u00ab Les obligations n\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019occasion de leur commerce entre commer\u00e7ants, entre commer\u00e7ants et non commer\u00e7ants, se prescrivent par dix ans si elles ne sont pas soumises \u00e0 des pre******ions sp\u00e9ciales plus courtes. \u00bb<\/p>\n

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\n\u0639\u064095 \u0640\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 2 \u0623\u0648\u062a 1988 \u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 ” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627.”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 Tiers d\u2019archivage \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0644\u0651 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0621 [75]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 ” \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0621 \u062d\u062c\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 ” \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 ” \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0647 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 6 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1997 [77] \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651 : ” \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646. “<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u061f<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645.\u0625.\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642.\u0645.\u062a.\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 [78] \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 [79] \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a :<\/p>\n

” \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629. “<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0642.\u0645.\u062a.\u0623 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 10 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 : ” \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 (1) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0623) \u0648 (\u0628) \u0648 (\u062c) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 (1).”<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 13 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2000 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 2-1316 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 Cr\u00e9ditas \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 8 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1989 [80] .<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629[81] \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 Lucien PAULIAC \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 [82] \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/span><\/span>
\n\u00ab \u00e7a proc\u00e8de de l\u2019\u00e9crit, \u00e7a utilise des claviers propres \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9criture, \u00e7a s\u2019enregistre et \u00e7a se conserve, \u00e7a se reconstitue sous la forme de l\u2019\u00e9criture et une fois reconstitu\u00e9, \u00e7a se lit comme on lit une \u00e9criture, et pourtant, ce n\u2019est pas un \u00e9crit et pourtant ce n\u2019est pas un \u00e9crit.
\nQu\u2019est-ce que c\u2019est ? c\u2019est du num\u00e9rique.
\n\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 :
\n\u00c7A sert \u00e0 prouver actes et faits juridiques,
\nc\u2019est le concurrent jur\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9crit papier et \u00e7a sera peut \u00eatre, un jour,
\nle vainqueur. Qu\u2019est ce que c\u2019est ?
\nC\u2019est l\u2019\u00e9crit \u00e9lectronique \u2013<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a:\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646[83] \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628:
\nLe principe de pr\u00e9\u00e9minence de l\u2019\u00e9crit \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629[84]\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 400 \u0633\u0646\u0629[85]<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0630\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f[86] \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

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\n\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u064057\u0640\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0641\u064a 13 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 2000 \u0648\u0628\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 9 \u0623\u0648\u062a 2000 \u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0623) \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0627 (\u0628) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0642\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0623 \u2013 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0621 :<\/span>
\n\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629[100] \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645-\u0627-\u0639.<\/p>\n

“\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0651 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647.”
\n\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651\u064a :Signature manuscrite (1) \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a :Signature \u00e9lectronique (2)<\/p>\n

1 – \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a :<\/span>
\n\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645-\u0627-\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645-\u0627-\u0639 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 : “\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0647”.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0651 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627[101] \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 “\u0645\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647” \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 “\u0645\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n

\u00ab de sa main \u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 1326 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u00ab par lui-m\u00eame \u00bb \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0641\u064a 13 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2000 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621.
\n\u0648\u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u0651 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 : \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a :<\/span>
\n\u00ab La signature est un signe personnel suffisamment distinctif. \u00bb[102] \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0643\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0646 : “\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628.”[103]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 ERIC A. CAPRIOLI :
\n\u00ab Une in******ion qu\u2019une personne fait de son nom (sous une forme particuli\u00e8re et constante) pour affirmer l\u2019exactitude, la sinc\u00e9rit\u00e9 d\u2019un \u00e9crit ou en assumer la responsabilit\u00e9. \u00bb[104]
\n\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0643 (Qu\u00e9bec) \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 2827 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/p>\n

\u00ab La signature consiste dans l\u2019apposition qu\u2019une personne fait sur un acte de son nom ou d\u2019une marque qui lui est personnelle et qu\u2019elle utilise de fa\u00e7on courante, pour manifester son consentement. \u00bb<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647 D.PONSOT \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 :
\n\u00ab Une in******ion (ou un graphisme) originale, personnelle, habituelle et notoire, par laquelle un individu manifeste son consentement au contenu d\u2019un \u00e9crit. \u00bb[105]
\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 CHRISTOPHE DEVYS \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0640 :<\/p>\n

\u00ab Tout signe intimement li\u00e9 \u00e0 un acte permettant d\u2019identifier et d\u2019authentifier l\u2019auteur de cet acte et traduisant une volont\u00e9 non \u00e9quivoque de consentir \u00e0 cet acte \u00bb[106]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645-\u0627-\u0639 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627[107] \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647 \u064a\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627.
\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 Nancy \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1831[108] \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631 [109](un pseudonyme) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645 (Les initiales)[110] \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629[111] \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0633\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621[112] \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1846 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 :<\/p>\n

\u00ab \u2026Il y a signature, lorsque le nom d\u2019une personne \u00e9crit de sa main est mis \u00e0 la fin d\u2019un acte pour le certifier\u2026 l\u2019absence du parafe, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire d\u2019un ou de plusieurs traits de plume que certaines personnes mettent ordinairement \u00e0 la suite de leur signature, ne peut donc la vicier, la rendre nulle. \u00bb<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629[113]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 15 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1957[114] \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621, \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 (l\u2019en-t\u00eate d\u2019une lettre) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0643\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621[115]\u060c \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 16 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1966 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644
\n4-1316 \u0645\u0646 \u0645-\u0645-\u0641 :
\n\u00ab La signature n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la perfection d\u2019un acte juridique identifie celui qui l\u2019appose. Elle manifeste le consentement des parties aux obligations qui d\u00e9coulent de cet acte. Quand elle est appos\u00e9e par un officier public, elle conf\u00e8re l\u2019authenticit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019acte. \u00bb
\n\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631[116].<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645-\u0627-\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 453 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0642-\u0645-\u062a-\u0623 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647.
\n\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647 (1-2) \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 (2-2).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627[2] \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0623\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":81229,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,5953,5949],"tags":[987,285,11,510,37,11828,1857],"class_list":["post-81227","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","category-5953","category-5949","tag-987","tag-285","tag-11","tag-510","tag-37","tag-11828","tag-1857"],"views":4063,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81227","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=81227"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81227\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/81229"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=81227"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=81227"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=81227"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}