{"id":71716,"date":"2017-06-02T16:30:40","date_gmt":"2017-06-02T13:30:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=71716"},"modified":"2017-12-03T06:34:06","modified_gmt":"2017-12-03T03:34:06","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b
\nCommonly Used Legal Terms
\n\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \/ \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 2006
\n————–<\/p>\n

Acquittal\u00a0\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The formal legal determination that an accused criminal is not guilty.\u00a0\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b .<\/span><\/p>\n

Action\u00a0\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/p>\n

A formal complaint within the authority of a court of law.<\/span>
\n\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

Affidavit\u00a0\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645<\/span>
\nA written statement of facts made voluntarily and confirmed by an oath. Affidavits are used as proof for simple matters that do not require the live testimony of witnesses.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 . \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f<\/span> .<\/p>\n

Alibi\u00a0\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

The explanation offered by a person accused of a crime to demonstrate that he or she was somewhere other than where the crime took place at the time the crime happened.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Appeal\u00a0\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649<\/span><\/p>\n

The request by a losing party (appellant) for an appellate court to review the decision of a trial court or administrative agency and find instead in favor of the appellant.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0633\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641) \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Appellate court\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/p>\n

A higher court that reviews the decisions of trial courts or administrative agencies if the losing party appeals such a decision. Appellate court decisions are made by a panel of judges without a jury.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 . \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Assign\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644<\/span><\/p>\n

To transfer to another person all or part of one’s property, interest, or rights. For example, if company (A) has made a contract with company (B) to buy 10 trucks from (B), and then (A) realizes it does not need the trucks, (A) can assign its rights to buy the trucks to another company.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 . \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 (\u0623) \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 (\u0628) \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 10 \u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 (\u0628) \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 (\u0623) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a . \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 (\u0623) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Bench trial\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

A trial where the judge decides the outcome and there is no jury.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Breach of contract\u00a0\u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n

The failure of a person to meet or perform his or her obligations under a contract if there is no legal excuse for that failure.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0630\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642<\/span> .<\/p>\n

Burden of proof\u00a0\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

The duty to prove a fact that is in dispute and is relevant to the issue being contested. Rules of procedure establish which party has the burden of proof in any particular situation. For example, the government has the burden to prove that an individual committed a crime-the individual is not required to prove he or she is innocent.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 . \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 . \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u2013 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0621 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Case\u00a0\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

A general term for a lawsuit.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Cause of action\u00a0\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

The act or acts of one person (defendant) that invade the legal rights of another person (plaintiff) and entitle the plaintiff to seek a judicial remedy with a civil lawsuit. Also known as a claim.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 (\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a) \u0648\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 . \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Civil law\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

The body of law governing certain relationships between people, such as marriage, contracts, and torts (injuries), as distinguished from criminal law. The term civil law also refers to the legal tradition derived from ancient Roman law that is presently used in most non-English-speaking countries. In civil law systems, all laws are made by legislators and contained in comprehensive written codes (books of statutes) rather than made by judges through their decisions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 (\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631) \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a . \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 . \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u060c \u064a\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 (\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Common law\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

The legal tradition developed in England beginning in the 11th century and presently used in most English-speaking countries. In common law systems, legal rules are created by the decisions of judges.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 . \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Constitution\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/p>\n

The fundamental law of a nation or state that establishes the nature and limitations of the government. The constitution may be written (as in the United States) or unwritten (as in Great Britain).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062b\u0651\u0628\u0650\u062a\u0652 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649) .<\/span><\/p>\n

Contract\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n

An agreement between two or more persons that creates an obligation for each to do or refrain from doing something and that is enforceable in court.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Conviction\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

The judgment that a person accused of a crime is guilty. A conviction can result from the accused’s guilty plea or from a trial.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628 . \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Counterclaim\u00a0\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

A claim by a defendant in response to a plaintiff’s claim-as when a patient sues a physician for malpractice and the physician counterclaims that the patient failed to pay the bill.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u062e\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Criminal law\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

Law that declares certain behavior to be harmful to society and establishes the punishment for such behavior.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Deed\u00a0\u0633\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n

A document with which an owner transfers ownership of an object or a plot of land to someone else.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Defendant\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n

The person who is sued in a civil lawsuit, or the person accused of a crime in a criminal lawsuit.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Deposition\u00a0\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

The testimony of a witness obtained through an oral interview or written questions (interrogatories) outside of court. The interview process is also known as a deposition.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a) \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 . \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Discovery\u00a0\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/p>\n

The process by which parties acquire information about the case from each other before trial. The term also applies to the specific techniques that the law permits for obtaining the information, such as depositions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 . \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Dissent\u00a0\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636<\/span><\/p>\n

The explicit disagreement of one or more judges of an appellate court with the decision passed by a majority of the judges. The judges who disagree with the majority may or may not write a dissenting opinion; such an opinion is also known as a dissent.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 . \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627 . \u0648\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Easement\u00a0\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642<\/span><\/p>\n

The right to use, but not to own, someone else’s property. For example, if person (A’s) land does not border on a road, (A) may ask his or her neighbor (B) for an easement to build a driveway across (B’s) land to the road.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u060c \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 . \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 (\u0623) \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u062e\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 (\u0623) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 (\u0628) \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Evidence\u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

Information offered as proof by the parties in a trial or an administrative hearing.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Ex post facto law\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

A law passed after the occurrence of an action, which changes the legal consequences of the action. The U.S. Constitution forbids the enactment of ex post facto laws. From Latin meaning after the fact.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Felony\u00a0\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

A crime that is more serious than a misdemeanor. Commonly, statutes in the United States define felonies as crimes that are punishable by imprisonment for a year or more or by death.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 . \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a .<\/span><\/p>\n

Grand jury\u00a0\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/span><\/p>\n

A group of people who hear evidence against a person accused of a crime and determine whether sufficient information exists to charge the person with the crime.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u00a0\u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/span> .<\/p>\n

Indictment<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

A grand jury’s formal written accusation that a person committed a crime. The U.S. Constitution requires the government to obtain indictments for certain serious crimes rather than use an information.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 . \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a .<\/span><\/p>\n

Information<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/p>\n

A written accusation that a person committed a crime. An information differs from an indictment because it is issued by a government official (usually the prosecutor), rather than by a grand jury.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 . \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645) \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Injunction<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

A court order prohibiting a person from doing a specific act or commanding the person to discontinue acting in a certain way.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Interrogatories<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/p>\n

A set of written questions submitted to a witness before a trial to obtain information about the case.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Judge<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0636<\/span><\/p>\n

A public officer who presides over a court and decides questions of law.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 .\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Judgment<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

The final decision of a court resolving the dispute and determining the rights of the parties.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Jurisdiction<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n

The right of a court to hear and determine a case.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Jury<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

A group of people who hear the evidence, determine the facts, and-after instruction by the judge-determine the legal outcome of a case. Also known as petit jury to distinguish it from grand jury.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u00a0\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 . \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Lien<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

A claim against the property of another person for payment of some debt or obligation that the person owes to the claimant. For example, if a bank loans a person money to buy a car, the bank may retain a lien against the car. If the buyer fails to make regular payments on his or her loan, the bank can take possession of the car.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a . \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u064a \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u062d\u062c\u0632 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 . \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u060c \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 .\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Majority opinion<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

The opinion written by the majority of judges of an appellate court to explain their decision if the panel is not unanimous.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Misdemeanor<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

A crime less serious than a felony and, in the United States, generally punishable by a fine or by imprisonment for less than one year.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Motion<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0636<\/span><\/p>\n

A written or oral request to the court for a ruling or order directing that some act be done.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Opinion<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0623\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

A written explanation of a judge’s decision.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0636 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Party<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0631\u0641<\/span><\/p>\n

In a civil case, the individual or organization suing (known as the plaintiff) or being sued (the defendant). In a criminal case, the two parties are the government (prosecution) and the person acc0used of a crime (defendant).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a) \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0627\u00a0 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \ufe92\u0640 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 ) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 ( \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 ) .<\/span><\/p>\n

Plaintiff<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

In a civil case, the party who initiates the case is the plaintiff. In a criminal case, the government (prosecution) is the plaintiff.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a . \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a .<\/span><\/p>\n

Pleading<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

A document filed by each party at the beginning of a lawsuit, stating each side’s descriptions of the controversy and what each party thinks the court should do about it.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621\u0647 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Precedent<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

Prior cases with similar circumstances that help the court decide the current case.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Reasonable doubt<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/p>\n

In the United States, the standard used to determine the guilt or innocence of a person accused of a crime. The prosecution must demonstrate to the jury that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 . \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 .\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Stare decisis<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n

The policy that directs judges to follow precedent. It is a Latin phrase meaning to abide by decided cases.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647 . \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Statute of limitations<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

A law that requires lawsuits to be filed within a certain number of months or years after the event that triggers the lawsuit occurs.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Summary judgment<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632<\/span><\/p>\n

A judgment given by the judge before the parties present any evidence. Judges may issue summary judgments if there are no disputed facts and only an issue of law must be determined.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Testimony<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

Information given by a witness under oath during a trial, pretrial proceeding, or administrative hearing. It may be oral or in the form of affidavits or depositions. Testimony is a form of evidence.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 . \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Tort<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0636\u0631\u0631<\/span><\/p>\n

Under civil law, a wrong committed by one person against another.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Trial<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

Proceedings in a court, in which the judge or jury listens to the parties’ presentation of evidence and then makes a decision based on the law.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u063a\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Verdict<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

The jury’s decision about the matters presented for their determination during a trial.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

Versus<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0636\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n

A Latin word meaning against. The abbreviation for versus, v., is used with the names of the parties to identify a lawsuit. For example, Hawkins v. McGee.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0636\u062f . \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 versus \u0647\u0648 v. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u0647\u0648\u0643\u0646\u0632 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

Witness<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n

A person who testifies, either orally or in writing, before a court or administrative agency.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627 .<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b Commonly Used Legal Terms \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \/ \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 2006 ————– Acquittal\u00a0\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621 The formal legal determination that an accused criminal is not guilty.\u00a0\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b . Action\u00a0\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 A formal complaint within the authority of a court of law. \u0634\u0643\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":71719,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6031],"tags":[3501,48,5995,3456],"class_list":["post-71716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6031","tag-3501","tag-48","tag-5995","tag-3456"],"views":4308,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=71716"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71716\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/71719"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=71716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=71716"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=71716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}