{"id":71370,"date":"2017-05-31T23:07:42","date_gmt":"2017-05-31T20:07:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=71370"},"modified":"2017-12-03T06:49:49","modified_gmt":"2017-12-03T03:49:49","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8-%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%87%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8-%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%87%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f<\/strong>
\n La cause comme \u00e9l\u00e9ment essentiel de l’obligation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628:<\/strong><\/span> \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (94) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (148) \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627):<\/p>\n

L\u2019obligation n\u2019existe que si elle a une cause certaine et licite<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1131) \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f.
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0646 (\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f.
\n\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628: \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 Domat<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 – \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 (\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f) \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a.
\n\u0642\u0627\u0644 Colmet de Santerre \u0625<\/span>\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f<\/p>\n

C\u2019est le but immediat et direet que le debiteur se propose d\u2019atteindre en s\u2019obligeant<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f Oudot \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:
\n\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u061f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644.
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644 Oudot \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628) \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b.
\n\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064f\u0626\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629.
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 fait – \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 (\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0636\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631).
\n\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627:<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 loi – \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 (\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0643 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643).
\n\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627:<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 Contrats Synallagmatiques –<\/span> \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a 1000 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 – \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 – \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064e.
\n\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u061f
\n\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u061f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064e \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 1000 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 – \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647.
\n\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630\u064d \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0643 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a – \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 – \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064e \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064e.
\n\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630\u064d \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a.
\n\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629:
\n( \u0623 ) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646.
\n\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0646 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0647.
\n(\u0628) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 Contrats de bienfaisances ou \u00e0 titre gratuit \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0629.
\n\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u062a\u0643 – \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0629 – \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629.
\n\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f – \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062b (Baud. L. et Barde 1 g 302)<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 Raison indireete<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f – \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 Raison directe \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 – \u0623\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0645\u062d\u064b\u0627 – \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 – \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0647 – \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.
\n\u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642:
\n1 – \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.
\n2 – \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627.
\n\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f.
\n\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0625\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u064b – \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 – \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0623 – \u0641\u0625\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f: \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (94) \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0648(142) \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 Certaine \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 Licite.
\n\u0648\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1181) \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n

L\u2019obligation sans cause, ou sur une fausse cause, ou sur une cause illicite ne peut avoir aucun effet.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644<\/span>\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 (\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f) \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a – \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

(1)<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628.<\/span>
\n \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/span>
\n1 – \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a – \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f Cause successive \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 incessament renouvell\u00e9es \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f – \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643:
\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 – \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 – \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062c\u0631 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 – \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062c\u0631 \u062d\u064f\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062c\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 – \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0629 – \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 – \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628.
\n2 – \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 – \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d – \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f:
\n( \u0623 ) \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623 Cause erronn\u00e9e.<\/strong><\/span>
\n (\u0628) \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a Cause simul\u00e9e.<\/strong><\/span>
\n1 –<\/strong> \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f) \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0644\u064a \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0647 – \u0641\u0623\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 – \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 – \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647.
\n2 –<\/strong> \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645:
\n1\/<\/strong> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 – \u0643\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631.
\n2\/<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 – \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0639.
\n\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1920 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1922 \u0635\u0640 226 – \u0648\u0641\u064a 14 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1922 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 25 \u0635\u0640 51 \u0648\u0641\u064a 17 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1926 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0640 759).
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n

(2)<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 1133 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a – \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 – \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 – \u0625\u0630 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628.
\n\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629:
\n1 – \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a.
\n2 – \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647.
\n3 – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629.
\n4 – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0635\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u0646\u0627.
\n5 – \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u064a\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629.
\n6 – \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 Concordat \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0646 (\u062d\u0643\u0645 9 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1898 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0640 180).
\n\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627:
\n1 – \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0646 – \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c – \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 – \u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 (\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647.
\n\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 – \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 – \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0631 – \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0647\u0627 (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0640 357 \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 311 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629).
\n2 – \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0630\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 – (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 25 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1873 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1133) \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0635\u0640 1007 \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 524 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 5 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1900 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632 1903 2 – 279 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0640 263 \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 1009).
\n3 – \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 – \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644 – \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0640 361 \u0646\u0628\u0630\u062a\u064a 313 \u0648314 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627).<\/p>\n

\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f – \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 – \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a.
\n\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 contrats unilateraux<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 – \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 Le billet est caus\u00e9<\/span> \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064e \u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a 100 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 – \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0648 (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064e \u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646 100 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a) \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631 – \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 Le billet est dit non caus\u00e9.<\/span>
\n\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (214) \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0648(274) \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646.<\/p>\n

La preuve de l\u2019obligation doit \u00eatre faite par le creancier<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f – \u0631\u063a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a – \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 – \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 16 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0640 87 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645 10 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1897 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0640 190).
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1132) \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n

La convention n\u2019est pas moins valable quoique la cause n\u2019en soit pas exprim\u00e9e<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0631\u0629 321 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 – \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 inutile<\/span> \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 dangereuse<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0623.
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629:
\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0631\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 consentement<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f objet<\/span> \u0643\u0631\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u0628 (\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628) \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.
\n1 – \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 – \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a).
\n\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 pacte commissoire tacite.<\/span>
\n2 – \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645) \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b – \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 – \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0631\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627.
\n3 – \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b – \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f.
\n\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628.
\n\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span>
\n1 – \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644: \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 effet \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631.
\n2 – \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 – \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 2 \u0635\u0640 373 \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 1039) \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1896 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1881 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1896) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629…<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a
\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f La cause comme \u00e9l\u00e9ment essentiel de l’obligation \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628: \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (94) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (148) \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627): L\u2019obligation n\u2019existe que si elle a une cause certaine et […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":71371,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[10785,633,2844,10786],"class_list":["post-71370","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","tag-10785","tag-633","tag-2844","tag-10786"],"views":1418,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71370","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=71370"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71370\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/71371"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=71370"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=71370"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=71370"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}