{"id":6319,"date":"2016-09-26T22:42:13","date_gmt":"2016-09-26T19:42:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=6319"},"modified":"2017-12-03T04:56:40","modified_gmt":"2017-12-03T01:56:40","slug":"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a5%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a5%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%b9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (27) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2) \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0635 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (47) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0636\u0650 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (14) \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0635\u062d \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064b\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 (47) \u0648(14) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (68) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1901 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648 (\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629).<\/p>\n<p>Pour assurer une meilleure disribution de la justice<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0633\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636.<br \/>\n\u0641\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (47) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 20 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1931 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 (\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (47) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646.. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627&#8230;&#8230;.).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><br \/>\nLois de competence et de Procedure<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (68) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1931 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635<\/p>\n<p>Les lois relative et \u00e0 la competence seront applicable au reglement des contestation n\u00e9es sur les obligations anterieures \u00e0 la date ci &#8211; dessus.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>Ce sont des lois interessant d\u2019ailleurs aussi bien le droit public que le droit priv\u00e9 sont fait pour assurer une meilleure distribution de la justice et que, des lors, il est \u00e0 la fois d\u2019ordre public et de l\u2019inter et m\u00eame des partis qu\u2019elles leur soient applicable immediatement chaque fois que cette application est possible.<br \/>\nCes lois devraient regir les faits accomplis et mme les instances deja engag\u00e9es au moment de sa publication.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0644<\/strong><br \/>\nPas de droit acquis mais des expectatives<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646.<br \/>\n\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pas de droit acquis, mais une d\u00e9chn\u00e9ance<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u062f\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646.<br \/>\n\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Principe de la relativite et la chose jugee<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Personnel ou relatif \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 actes positifs \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 Ses successeurs \u00e0 titre universel \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0646.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (633) \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u062d\u0642\u0647.<br \/>\n\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 un act positif de sa part \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0635\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (68) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1931 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0648\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0636\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0626\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 14 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0636\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 23 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1931 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646) \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0636\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0636\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (14)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 (\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0646\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<br \/>\n1 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n2 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0636\u0650 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a 4 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627.<br \/>\n3 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0636\u0650 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636.<br \/>\n4 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0636\u0650 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646:<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0636\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 331\/ 376 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a).<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647.<br \/>\n\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 (\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (330\/ 375) \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062f par argument \u00e0 contrario \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u064a\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0623\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 20 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1921 \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 (14)\u060c (47) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (47)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (14) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 19 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1921 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (53) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (14)\u060c (47)\u060c (52) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0631.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 22 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1931 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (47) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (15) \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 20 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1921 \u0647\u0648 (\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0636\u0650 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (14) \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0636\u0650 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (14) \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627&#8230; \u0625\u0644\u062e \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>(3)<br \/>\n<strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062d (\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646) \u0623\u0648 (\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u0627) \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u061f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u061f<br \/>\n\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0623\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (27) \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 (\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647) \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0630\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2) \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628) \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<br \/>\n\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062c\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628) \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0631 Vareilles Sommi\u00e8res \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1893 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 94 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 (\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 1 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 94 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 241 \u0648242).<br \/>\n\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0650 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>En quoi consiste la retroactivit\u00e9. La formule \u00e0 la quelle il convient de s\u2019arr\u00eater est celle ci: la loi est retroactive quand elle revient sur le pass\u00e9 soit pour apprecier les conditions de legalite d\u2019un acte, soit pour modifier ou supprimer les effets d\u2019un droit deja realis\u00e9s. Hors de la il n\u2019y a pas de retroactivite, et la loi peut modifier les effets futurs de faits ou d\u2019actes m\u00eame anterieurs sans \u00e2tre retroactive.<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0642\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0628\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630\u064d \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 etat de droit \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<p>Lorsqu\u2019un etat de droit ancien se trouve modifie par la loi nouvelle, est &#8211; ce un cas de retroactivite ? On le croit et on le rep\u00e9te dans l\u2019opinion commune, mais c\u2019est une erreur. Une loi nouvelle peut modifier un etat de droit resultant de faits anterieures, si elle le regit pour l\u2019avenir seulment et \u00e0 compter de sa promulgation, il n\u2019y a dans son application aucun effete retroactif. Le temps auquel on l\u2019applique ainsi est son domaine propre; elle le gouverne tout naturellement par le seul effet de sa mise en vigueur. On a donc pu dire avec beaucoup de raison, et contrairement a l\u2019opinion tradionnelle, que les lois qui ont aboli les droits f\u00e9odaux, rendu rachetable les anciennes rentes fonci\u00e9res, supprim\u00e9 l\u2019esclavage des noirs, n\u2019\u00e9taient pas des lois retroactives En effet le legislateur ne nous garntit nullement l\u2019exercice indefini dans l\u2019avenir de nos droits actuels, ces droits n\u2019existent et ne durent qu\u2019 autant que la loi qui les regit et qui les permet ils doivent subit l\u2019effet de tout changement de legislation. Quand la loi a aboli l\u2019esclavage ou la feodalite, l\u2019affranchissement de l\u2019homme ou de la terre n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 prononc\u00e9 que pour l\u2019avenir, \u00e0 compter de la promulgation de la loi nouvelle; ces lois ont mis fin a un etat juridique cr\u00e9 anterieurement et susceptible de se prolonger indefiniment; elles ont regl\u00e9 ce qui etait l\u2019avenir au moment de leur apparition et ceci est toute autre chose que la retroactivit\u00e9.<br \/>\n(Planiol Tome I page 98)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u2019est pour cela que les lois qui determinenet la competence et la procedure s\u2019appliquent \u00e0 tous les proc\u00e8s, a partir de leur promulgation, m\u00e8me a ceux qui porteraient sur des faits ou sur des actes da date ant\u00e9rieure. Elles s\u2019appliquent m\u00eame aux proces en cours\u2019 et c\u2019est ce qui a permis au minist\u00e8re Dupuy de faire voter, en fevrier 1899, une loi que dessaisissait la chambre criminelle de la Cour de Cassation du jugement rendre sur l\u2019affaire Dreyfus, pour donner competence a cette Cour jugeant toutes chambres reunies.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u061f \u0623\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u061f \u0623\u0647\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062d\u0642 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u061f \u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642&#8230; \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u00e9tate de droit \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0622\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<br \/>\n\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u062a \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0636\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0643\u062a \u0633\u0643\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636\u060c \u0623\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062a\u062f\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u061f \u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u061f \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 Tempus regit actum \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0641\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a.<br \/>\n\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064d \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 situation de droit objective\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 situation de droit subjectiv \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n<p>Les nombreuses difficult\u00e9s que l\u2019on signale ne se seraient certainement pas \u00ealev\u00e9es si, d\u2019une part, on, avait compris que la loi s\u2019applique aux manifestations individuelle de volonte et si, d\u2019autre par on avait apercu les situtations legales ou situations objectives derivant directement de la loi, alors m\u00eame qu\u2019elles naissent \u00e0 la suite d\u2019un acte de volont\u00e9 qui est alors la condition et non la cause efficiente de leur formation. Ces situation legales. Situations permanentes derivant de la loi, suivent toutes les transformations de la loi nouvelle modifie une situation legale n\u00e9e ant\u00e9rieurement sans produire pour cela un effet retroactif.<br \/>\nLa regle est tout simplement celle ci: toute manifestation individuelle de volonte est toujours, quant a sa legalite et \u00e0 sa validite, regie par la loi en vigueur au moment ou elle s\u2019est produite, quelles que soient les mofifications apportees posterieurement a la loi. Comme le dit Planiol on pourrait formuler la regle (Tempus regit actum) Par application de cette r\u00e8gle, tout acte permis par la loi en vigueur au moment ou il a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait, reste licite.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Si la loi ne peut pas s\u2019appliquer aux menifestations de volont\u00e9 individuelles anterieures \u00e0 sa promulgation\u2019 elle s\u2019applique, au contraire, aux situations l\u00e9gales existant au moment de sa promulgation. On a dit prec\u00e9dement la raison. On reconnait la situation l\u00e9gale \u00e0 ce qu\u2019elle est une situation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et permanente; elle est une situation de droit objectif. La situation de droit objectif sera modifi\u00e9e par la loi, alors m\u00eame qu\u2019elle est n\u00e9e \u00e0 la suite d\u2019un act juridique regulier d\u2019apr\u00e8s la loi en vigeur au moment ou il a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait. On ne peut pas dire que la loi, en s\u2019appliquant \u00e0 la situation l\u00e9gale d\u00e9ja n\u00e9e soit retroactive, s\u2019applique \u00e0 un acte juridique ant\u00e9rieur \u00e0 elle et en modifie les effets. On la\u2019 dit d\u00e9ja a plusieures reprises; la situation l\u00e9gale n\u2019est pas un effet de cet acte; elle d\u00e9rive directement de la loi; la declaration de volont\u00e9, m\u00eame contractuelle, n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 que la condition de l\u2019application de la loi \u00e0 telle ou telle personne; et la loi nouvelle modifie seulement cette situation,. Par l\u00e0 beaucoup des difficult\u00e9s sont \u00e9cart\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La situation l\u00e9gale cr\u00e9e directement par la loi peut toujours \u00eatre mofifi\u00e9e par une loi nouvelle. En cela, il n\u2019y a point d\u2019effet retroactif Il en est de m\u00eame evidemment quand la situation legale, au lieu de naitre directement de la loi prend naissance apr\u00e9s qu\u2019un acte juridique a \u00e9t\u00e9 accompli. Elle n\u2019en reste pas moins une situation l\u00e9gale. Elle peut \u00eare modifi\u00e9e par la loi nouvelle sans qu\u2019on puisse dire que celle ci ait un effet retroactif. L\u2019act qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 accompli n\u2019est pas touch\u00e9 par la loi nouvelle, mais seulement la situation legale qui lui est cons\u00e9cutive. N\u00e9 de la loi et non de l\u2019act elle suit toujours les modifications de la loi, Si on avait compris cela. On aurait \u00e9vit\u00e9 bien de controverses.<br \/>\n(Duguit Tome 11 p. 202, 205)<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 (\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645).<br \/>\n\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0623\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 etat de droit \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a situation de droit objectif \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642.<br \/>\n\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 etat de droit \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062b \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0638\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0633.<br \/>\n\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0626\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 &#8211; \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9tat et la capacit\u00e9 constituent une situation lcgale que la loi peut tout instant modifier; peu importe qu\u2019elle d\u00e9rive directement de la loi ou qu\u2019elle naisse pour une personne d\u00e9termin\u00e9e a la suite d\u2019un acte qui la conditionne, comme par exemple le mariage, le contrat de mariage, la reconnaissance ou la l\u00e9gitimation d\u2019un enfant naturel.<br \/>\n(Duguit Tome II p. 208)<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0643\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1912 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 (\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 2 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 209).<br \/>\n\u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628.<br \/>\n\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p>Pour la comp\u00e9tence, la chose est \u00e9vidente. La loi qui modifie la comp\u00e9tence d\u2019un fonctionnaire ou d\u2019un tribunal s\u2019applique \u00e0 tous les fonctionnaires et \u00e0 tous les tribunaux et s\u2019applique meme quand l\u2019agent public intervient a l\u2019occasion d\u2019actes qui se sont accomplis anterieurement a la loi nouvelle. La competence de tel tribuanal n\u2019est point l\u2019effet de l\u2019acte juridique ou du fait a l\u2019occasion dugnel s\u2019exerce cette comp\u00e9tence. La comp\u00e9tence des tribunaux est, au premier chef, une situation l\u00e9gale qui peut a tout instant, \u00eatre modifie par la loi, sans que la loi ait ponr cela un effet<br \/>\nretroactif.<br \/>\n(Duguit Tome 11 p. 212)<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062f Baudr et Houques Fourcade \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628 \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<p>Selon nous, par dtoit acquis il faut entendre les facult\u00e9s l\u00e9gales reguli\u00e8rement exercees, et par expectatives ou inter\u00eats celles qui ne l\u2019etaient pas encore au moment du changement de legislation qui survient.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sous le nom de droits, la loi nous reconnait des aptitudes, nous ouvre des facult\u00e9s, don\u2019t elle nous laisse g\u00e9neralement libres d\u2019user ou de ne pas user. Tant que nous n\u2019avons pas utilis\u00e9 l\u2019une de ces aptitudes. Nous avons un droit, si l\u2019on veut, en ce sens seulement que nous sommes aptes a acquerir, selon des modes determines; mais ce droit ne nous est acquis que lorsque nous avons eu recours \u00e0 ces modes et que notre aptitude s\u2019est, en fiat, manifestee par l\u2019acte necessaire pour son utilisation, L\u2019exercice de la facult\u00e9 legale, qui s\u2019est en quelque sorte materialis\u00e9e dans cet acte, traduite ext\u00e9rieurement par lui est constitutif du droit acquis. Et ce droit nous appartient desormais a ce point qu\u2019une loi nouvelle ne peut pas nous le ravir sans \u00eatre empriente de retroactivit\u00e9. Ce qui se comprend bien: car la loi se detruirait ainsi elle m\u00eame, en detruisant l\u2019oeuvre qu\u2019elle a permise dans le pass\u00e9 au grand prejudice de son autorite personnelle d\u2019abord, et des inter\u00e8ts de ceux qu\u2019elle regit&#8230;. Qu\u2019elle supprime restreigne ou modifie les facult\u00e9s accordees autrefois et don\u2019t il n\u2019a pas encore ete us\u00e9 rien de mieux au contraire, car elle ne lese personne en s\u2019ameliorant elle m\u00eame: elle ferme, ressere ou rectifie une voie qui etait jusque la rest\u00e8e ouverte, mais o\u00fb, par hypothese, les interess\u00e9s ou du moins certains d\u2019entre eux ne s\u2019etaient pas encore engages.<br \/>\n(Baudry Lac 1 page 107).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 situation de droit subjectif \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0641\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 107<\/p>\n<p>Ces id\u00e9es nous paraissent se rapprocher beaucoup de celles qu\u2019a si remarquablement developees M. Duguit.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 145<\/p>\n<p>Lois relatives a l\u2019organisation judiciaire, a la comptence, \u00e0 la procedure et aux voies d\u2019execution.<br \/>\nEn principe, toutes ces lois sont imm\u00e9diatement applicables, m\u00eame aux contesations qui ont pour objet des faits anterieurs a leur publication. On ne peut pas dire, effectivement que les parties aient un droit acquis a l\u2019application de la loi ancienne m\u00eame avant qu\u2019elles aient saisi un jurdiction de leur litige; tout au plus ontelles pu concevoir a cet egard une simple esperance qu\u2019une loi nouvelle l\u00eaur ravit.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (27) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2) \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0635 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (47) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6320,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[2616,2617,1029,37],"class_list":["post-6319","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","tag-2616","tag-2617","tag-1029","tag-37"],"views":1012,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6319","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6319"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6319\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6320"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6319"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6319"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6319"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}