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H., \u201cLa Garantie Juridictionnelle de la Coustitution\u201d,La Justice Constitutionnelle, R. D. 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M., \u201cEl\u00e9ments d\u2019une th\u00e9orie de la Juridiction Constitutionnelle\u201d, R.D.P. 1928.<br \/>\n(4)Kelsen. H. op.cit. p. 234.<br \/>\n(5)Kelsen. H. op.cit. p. 227.<br \/>\n(6)R. D. P., 1984, no 5, p. 1147.<br \/>\n(7)Cappelletti. 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R. \u201cLe C\u00f4utrole de la Constitutionnalit\u00e9 des lois\u201d, p. 53.<br \/>\n(9)Crisafulli. V., R. D. P. 1968. 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\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 . \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<br \/>\n(11)Favoreu. L. op.cit., p. 25.<br \/>\n(12)B\u00e9guin (J.-C.), &#8220;Le C\u00f4ntrole de la Constitutionnalit\u00e9 des lois en RFA\u201d, Paris,<br \/>\nEconomica, 1982. 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P. 74 et p. 125. (14)Favoreu. L. op.cit., p. 27.<br \/>\n(15)Lambert. 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M. op.cit. p. 273 et sui.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f<br \/>\n128<br \/>\n\u0625 \u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 ( 19 ): &#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1868 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f&#8221;.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 &#8220;\u0645\u0627\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0629&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\ue825\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0635 \ue825 \u0648\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625 \ue828 \u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a Common ) \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0631\ue825\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 ( 20 ): &#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u064a \u0651 \u0634\u0648\u0647 .(Law \u060c(Sherman) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 &#8220;. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<br \/>\n\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. (Clagton) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\ue825\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>(19)Lambert. E. op.cit. p. 38 et sui.<br \/>\n(20)Hauriou. M. op.cit. p. 274.<br \/>\n\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 19 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a- 2003 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d<br \/>\n\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a 129<br \/>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647 \u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625 \ue828 \u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 . \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0644 .( \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621( 21:( \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a( 22<br \/>\n\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0623\u064a :(Due Process Clause) .1\u060c(Common Law) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631<br \/>\n. \u0639\u0627\u0645 1868<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 :(Deprivation of Liberty) .2 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0623\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627. :(Deprivation of Property) .3 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c :(Impairing the Obligation of Contracts) .4 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 :(Advisory Opinions) .5 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\ue825\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647.<br \/>\n(21)Lambert. E. op.cit. p. 36.<br \/>\n(22)Hauriou. M. op.cit. p. 275. Voy aussi. Burdeau. G. \u201cManuel de droit constitutionnel et lnstitutions politiques\u201d 20 \u00e8me. \u00e9d. L.G.D.J. 1984. Pp. 106-112.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f<br \/>\n130<br \/>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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&#8220;\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 &#8220;( 24 ). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a.<br \/>\n(23)Lambert. E. op.cit. p. 69.<br \/>\n(24)Hauriou. M. op.cit. p. 277.<br \/>\n\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 19 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a- 2003 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d<br \/>\n\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<br \/>\n131<br \/>\n\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \ue821 \u0648\u0635\u0650 \u064e \u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627 \u0629. \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0643 \u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b \u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0644 \u0651 \u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0626 \u064b \u0644\u0627( 25 ): &#8220;\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 : \u0625 \ue828 \u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0641\u0634\u0650\u0644\u064e \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 (Recall) \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647.<br \/>\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0633\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>( \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629( 26 II<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<br \/>\n(25)Ibid.<br \/>\n(26)Pinto. R. \u201cDes Juges qui ne gouvernent pas&#8221;, 1934; Hauriou. M. op.cit., pp. 277-278; Chantebout. B. op .cit., p. 58 et sui.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f<br \/>\n132<br \/>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625 \ue828 \u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0646: \u060c(Arr\u00eats de r\u00e8glement) -1\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.<br \/>\n-2\u0652 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647.<br \/>\n.(Proc\u00e8s de Tendances) -3\u0652 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644<br \/>\n-4\u0652 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634 \u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0639 .(Adivsory Opinions) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647<br \/>\n\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0645 \ue821\u064a\u062c \ue825 \u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a . \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 : \u0625 \ue828 \u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a . \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 . (Common-Law) \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 .(Statute-Law) \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 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J; R. D. P. 1931. 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R &amp; Archimbaud. M. &#8220;Le Livre des droits de L&#8217;homme\u201d, \u00e9d. Robert Laffont, Paris 1985. 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H. \u201cLa garantie Juridictionnelle de la Constitution&#8221;, R. D. P., 1928, p. 197 et<br \/>\nsui.<br \/>\n(35)Merkl. A. \u201cAllgemeines Verwattungsreeht\u201d, Vienne et Berlin, springer, 1927, Sur L&#8217;explication de cette theorie, V. R. Bonnard, \u201cLa theorie de la formation du droit par d\u00e8gres dans L&#8217;oevre d&#8217;Adolf Merkl, R. D. P, 1928. 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B. op. Cit. et sui.<br \/>\n\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 19 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a- 2003 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d<br \/>\n\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<br \/>\n163<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c<br \/>\n\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f<br \/>\n164<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n1. B\u00e9guin (J.-C.), \u201cLe Contr\u00f4le de la Constitutionalit\u00e9 des Lois en<br \/>\nRFA\u201d, Paris, Economica, 1982, P. 123.<br \/>\n2. Burdeau. G. \u201cManuel de Droit Constitutionnel et Institution<br \/>\nPolitiques\u201d, 20 \u00e9d. L. G. D. J, 1984, pp. 106-112.<br \/>\n3. Cappelletti. M. \u201cCours Constitutionnelles\u201d, p. 478.<br \/>\n4. Carr\u00e9 de Malberg, \u201cLa loi\u201d, p. 147.<br \/>\n5. Chantebout. B. \u201cDroit Constitutionnel et Seince Politique, 2\u00e8me.<br \/>\n&amp;#201;d. Economoca. P. 115 et sui.<br \/>\n6. Crisafulli. V. \u201cR.D.P. 1968. P. 130\u201d.<br \/>\n7. Drago. G. \u201cL\u2019Ex\u00e9cution des d\u00e9cisions du Conseil<br \/>\nConstitutionnel\u201d, \u201cL\u2019Effectivit\u00e9 du Contr\u00f4le de Constitutionalit\u00e9<br \/>\ndes lois\u201d, Economica, p. 74 et. P. 125.<br \/>\n8. Favoreu. L. \u201cLes Cours Constitutionnelles\u201d, Que Sais Je. Presses<br \/>\nUnivesitaires de France.<br \/>\n9. Hauriou. M. \u201cPr\u00e9cis de Droit Constitutionnel\u201d, 1929, p. 272 et sui.<br \/>\n10. Kelsen. H. \u201cLa Garantie Juridictionnelle de la Constitution\u201d, \u201cLa<br \/>\nJustice Constitutionnelle\u201d, R.D.P, 1928.<br \/>\n11. Laffont. R. &amp; Archimbaud. M. \u201cLe Livre des Droit de L\u2019homme\u201d,<br \/>\n\u00e9d. Robert Laffont, Paris, 1985. P. 79 et sui.<br \/>\n12. Lambert. E. \u201cLe Gouvernment des Juges et la Lutte Contre la<br \/>\nL\u00e9gislation Sociale aux Etats-Unis\u201d, Paris, 1921.<br \/>\n13. Lambert. J. \u201cR.D.P. 1931. Pp. 5 et sui\u201d.<br \/>\n14. Liorente. R. \u201cLe Contr\u00f4le de la Constitutionnalit\u00e9 des Lois\u201d, p. 53.<br \/>\n15. Merkl. A. \u201cAllgemeines Verwattungsrecht\u201d, Vienne et Berlin,<br \/>\nSpringer, 1927, sur L\u2019explication de cette theorie, V. R. Bonnard,<br \/>\n\u201cLa theorie de la formation du droit par degr\u00e8s dans L\u2019oevre<br \/>\nd\u2019Adolf merkl, R. D. P, 1928. P. 668 et sui.<br \/>\n16. Pinto. R. \u201cDes Juges qui ne gouvernent pas\u201d, 1934.<br \/>\n17. Waline. M. \u201cElements d\u2019une th\u00e9orie de la Juridiction<br \/>\nConstitutionnelle\u201d, R. D. P. 1928.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n. 1. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0641 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0641\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1960<br \/>\n2. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a &#8220;\u060c<br \/>\n. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1972<br \/>\n\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 19 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a- 2003 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d<br \/>\n\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<br \/>\n165<br \/>\n. 3. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a&#8221;\u060c 1949<br \/>\n4. \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<br \/>\n. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988<br \/>\n5. \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647&#8221;.<br \/>\n6. \u0639\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a&#8221;.<br \/>\n7. \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a&#8221;.<br \/>\n8. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n1. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1952 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647.<br \/>\n2. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n(R. D. P.) 1. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n1. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.<br \/>\n2002\/10\/ \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 22<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u061f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5495,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[8,14,2430,907,37,7,642,1492],"class_list":["post-5494","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","tag-8","tag-14","tag-2430","tag-907","tag-37","tag-7","tag-642","tag-1492"],"views":809,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5494","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5494"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5494\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5495"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5494"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5494"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5494"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}