{"id":430,"date":"2016-07-03T17:17:58","date_gmt":"2016-07-03T14:17:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=430"},"modified":"2020-03-18T10:35:28","modified_gmt":"2020-03-18T07:35:28","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a4%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a4%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0647 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0634\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626. \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 (S. G. V Mohamed El Faki Abdalla, 1962. S. L. J. R p. 195.)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (9) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1955- \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0633\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Of cource the general principle of law is \u201cNemo reus est nisi mens sit rea\u201d but it is subject to exceptions which are created by express legislation as in this case cited above\u201d. In Sudan we have no such express legislation. The prices and charges Order never referred to vicarious criminal liability of the master and accordingly we have to apply the general rule and the master can never be liable unless guilty intention or at least knowledge is proved on his behalf.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0626\u062a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 : ((S. G. V. El Hag Farah & Others, 1963, S. L.J.R. p. 86))<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a :<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cI agree that these are cases of strict liability where the master should answer for the mistakes of his servant, but I don\u2019t agree that he is to be questioned unless it is proved that he knew of such deficiency or he encourged it through negligence on his part. Mens rea must be proved, and it is very essential in such case in order to protect the liberty of the supject.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 :<\/p>\n

\u201cThe police ought to have questioned the actual makers of the bread to find out what instructions the accused had given to their servant and how they check their work\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 : (S. G. V. Mekki El Amin Suliman, 1965. S.L.J. R p 124))<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u2013 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0621 “The fact that the baking was owned by the licensee in the hame of the accused does not make him personally liable criminally for the acts of his servant.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThe owner of a bakery was not present when bread deficient in weight was sold by labourer in the bakery is not criminally liable under prices and charges Order, (1955 L. R>o.No. 12)<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (1962-1965) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b) \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647. (guilty intention) \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 (Knowledge) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1969\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u062a \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 Distinction . \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a :-<\/p>\n

(S. G. V. Mohamed Abdu rabo Mohamed, 1969. S. L. J. R. p. 27)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 9 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 8 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1966\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628)<\/p>\n

\u201cWhere there is an absolute prohibition not to sell goods above the prescribed maximum prices, the seller to when the prohibition is directed is the owner of the shop in which the goods are sold, and the owner of the goods that are being sold in the sense that the was the person who brought or authorized them to be brought in the shop for sale for profit in the ordinary course of business, when the sale is being carried out by a servant or agent it is being so done on behalf of the shop owner, and it is attributed to him personally.<\/p>\n

Here arise a legal presumption that the offence committed by the sale of good\u2019s at a price higher than the maximum prescribed, made by the servant, is the master\u2019s offence and would be criminally responsible for it. That is so even if the servant had been in charge of the full management of the shop, for fixing the price and showing them on lables attached to the goods, and even if the shop owner had no knowledge of or intention of fixing price higher that the maximum price prescribed by law\u201d. (p.32)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThis presumption is reputable by pleading and establishing that the servant at the time the offence was committed, was not acting within the course of his employment, and therefore the master would not be criminally responsible for the offence-committed by his act\u201d. P. 32).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0636\u062f- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1973\u0645 \u0635 325.<\/p>\n

(\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 .<\/p>\n

\u201cWas not acting within the course of employment\u201d<\/p>\n

Glanville Williams, on criminal law, 2nd ed. 1961. 227<\/p>\n

\u201cGenerally speaking a person cannot be convicted even of an offence involving strict liability unless he falls with in the words of the statute. Thus he will escape if the offence requires a \u201csale\u201d by him and the servant who purported to sell had no authority to affect a sale of any kind\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f (Williams) \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0623\u0630\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u201cHowever, the mere fact that a servant abused or exceeded his authority is not necessarily an excuse. A servant who effects a sale on behalf of his master is Regarded as himself\u201d for the propose of criminal law, so that both he and his master are responsible”.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0632 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/strong> \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 (not authorized) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b:<\/strong> \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0632 (Williams) \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0632 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0647.. \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 (Williams) \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

(Whittake V. forshaw, 1919). 2. K. B. 419: (Slater J.)<\/p>\n

\u201cWhere a salesman is publicly selling goods on behalf of an employer, and exceeds in some detail instructions given to him, as for example when reserved, I think the position is entirely different. He is held out, to sell, and because he is held out the contract which he makes although contrary to the instructions that he was privately received, binds the employer as against the purchaser.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0642 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u2013 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (Whittaker) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 : (had no authority to effect sale) \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 (not acting within the course of employment) \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a .. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a SALMOND ON TORTS. 17th ed. P. 465<\/p>\n

\u201cA master is not responsible for the negligence or other wrongful act his servant simply because it is committed at a time when the servant is engaged on his master\u2019s business-it must be committed in the course of that business, so as to form a part of it and not merely coincident with it\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 ” \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644” \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639… \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061f \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 (Glanville Williams p. 227)<\/p>\n

However, the mere fact that a servant a bused or exceeded his authority is not necessarily an excuse. A servant who effects a sale on behalf of his master is regarded as himself \u201cSelling\u201d for the purpose of criminal Law, so that both he and his master are responsible.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b (had no authority to affect sale) \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629.. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 .. \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u2013 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0636\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 49 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 . \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b\u064e \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u0647. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064e\u064b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n

Charles Worth on negligence 5th. Ed. 1971. p. 943<\/p>\n

\u201c A parent as such not liable for the negligence of his child unless the child is a servant or agent. A parent, however is liable for his own negligence and is under a duty to exercise such control over his children as a prudent parent would exercise\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 :<\/p>\n

\u201cAccordingly when a father presented his son, aged: fifteen with an air gun and a boy broke a window, and a few months late, shot the plaintiff in the eye, it was held that the father was liable\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a :<\/p>\n

(Salmond on torts, 16th. ed. 1973, p. 470)<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a :<\/p>\n

\u201c The relationship of master and servant is commonly a continuing engagement consideration of wages paid, but this is not essential. The service may be merely gratuitous, as when a child acts de facto as a servant of his father\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b (doli in capax) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 49 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1974\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u2013 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u2013 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u2013 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643.<\/p>\n

(Smith and Hogan, p. 128)<\/p>\n

\u201cNo crime at all is committed by the infant with the result that one who instigated him to do the act is a principal and not a secondary party\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 :Smith<\/p>\n

\u201c Where a husband and wife were charged with receiving from their son aged seven years a child\u2019s tricycle, knowing it to have been stolen, it was held that they must be acquitted on the ground that, since the child could not steal, the tricyle was not stolen\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u2013 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0636\u062c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a Smith and Hogan, p. 93<\/p>\n

\u201cWhere D induces a child, aged eleven to take money from a till and give it to D,D is a principal if the child is exempt from criminal liability which in the case of that age, depends on whether he knows the act is wrong. If the child does know his act is wrong then he is the principle and D is a counselor\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 (Foot-note)<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 (93) \u0648 (94) “The child was actually nine”<\/p>\n

A child under ten is now incapable of crime, so D would be the principle whether the nine-year-old know the act was wrong or not\u201d<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647.. \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 (Strict Liability) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 (Contract of Service) \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647 (Within the course of employment) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a .. \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0636\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a :<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u2013 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a “Salmond on torts) 16th . ed. (1973) – 470<\/p>\n

\u201c The relationship of master and servant is commonly a continuing engagement in consideration of wages pail, but this is not essential. The service may be gratuitous as when a child acts de facto as the servant of this father”.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062a \u2013 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Vicarious Liability) \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 (Do facto) \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u2013 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 : Whittale V. Forshaw, 1919, 2 K. B. p. 419<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0637\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0647 (\u0641\u0642\u0637) \u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634 (\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a) (\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629) \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0634\u0648\u0634 (Adulterated) \u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a (Avory, J) \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a :<\/p>\n

First: Whether there was a sale by the girl to the inspector?<\/p>\n

Secondly: Whether there was a sale to the prejudice of the purchaser?<\/p>\n

Thirdly: whether the respondent, the employer, is responsible for that sale?<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a (Avory) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u201c There were no instructions to her make any contract of sale with Mr. Hughes about this milk, but to deliver it in pursuance of a contract of sale which the respondent had already made for himself, I therefore think the justices were warranted in finding, and I think they did find, that the girl had no authority from her father to make any contract of sale\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a (Salter) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

\u201cWhere a salesman is publicly selling goods on behalf of an employer, and exceeds in some detail instruction given to him, as for example when, as in that case, he sells particular part of butter which he ought to have reserved, I think the position is entirely different. He is held out to sell, and because he is held out, the contract<\/p>\n

Which he makes, although contrary to the instruction that he has privately received binds the employer as against the purchase.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThis girl, think was not held out by her father as a seller, she was not hawking the milk, but only carrying specific quantities, to particular person.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a (Darling)<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u2013 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a (Avory) \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u2013 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe delivery was a necessary part of carrying out the contact of sale. The girl was therefore authorized to carry out the contract, and in course of her performance of that duty she sold the sample of milk\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1- \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639.<\/p>\n

2- \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

3- \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u2013 \u0648\u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b (not authorized)<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

4- \u0646\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1977 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

5- \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (Whittaker) \u0628\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621.. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 163 \u2013 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1950\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u2013 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u2013 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u2013 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u064a\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0630\u0631 \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 163- \u0633\u0646\u0629 1950 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 (15). \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a :-<\/p>\n

(\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 9 \u0648 13).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0628\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0628<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647).<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n

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