{"id":427,"date":"2016-07-03T17:08:09","date_gmt":"2016-07-03T14:08:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=427"},"modified":"2020-03-18T10:35:12","modified_gmt":"2020-03-18T07:35:12","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%88%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%88%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

– \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 1956.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 1958.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1958\u0645 .<\/p>\n

– \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629 1961\u0645.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 1963\u0645.<\/p>\n

– \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0644 1961\u0645.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 1968\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0623 – \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062c \u2013 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a.[1]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0623 – \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062c- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0646 40% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629[2]. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a[3].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 50.8% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646[5].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a ( Actus Rea ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a ( Mens Rea ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646\u0627\u0628 ( Colpavolezza ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f ( Imputabilita ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 ( Capacita a delinquere ). \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 ( Ferri ) \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 ( Involuntary ) \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 ( Faute ) \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646\u0627\u0628 ( Colpavolezza ) \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642[6]. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 ( Involentaire ) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631[7]. \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f 318 320 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 ( Negligence ) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 ( Recklessness )[8]\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 ( Carelessness )<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 ( Colpa ) \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 (Negligence ) .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 :<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

2- \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n

3- \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n

4- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

(1) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a ( Colpa contracttuale ) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 ( Jesione ) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f ( delitto ) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 ( Lex Aquilia )[9] \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 ( Risk ) [10] \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

1- \u0644\u0645 \u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0636\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n

2- \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

3- \u062a\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a ( condotta commissiva ) \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n

4- \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 ( Colpa in eligedo ).<\/p>\n

5- \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 ( Injuria ) \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 ( Injuria ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

6- \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 (Injuria ).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 ( Dilitto ) \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 ( Quasi delitto ) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

1- \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

2- \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0642\u0630\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644.<\/p>\n

3- \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

4- \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f ( Dolus ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 ( Culpa lata ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 ( Culpa levis ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 ( Culpa levissima ) \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a ( Clupa intenzionale ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 (Clupa non intenzionale ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a (Clupa intenzionale ordinaria ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f (intenzionalita ) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f ( Dolo ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 ( Colpa )[11].<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645: \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u064a[12].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f[13]. \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f[14].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0638\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0638\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b[15].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064e \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

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(2) \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062d\u0634 ( Culpa lata ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 (Culpa levis ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 (Culpa levissima ). \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062d\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637.[19]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631.[20]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0630 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0646\u0627\u0628 (Culpalitie )\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647.[21]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

1- \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 ( Causa ejcente ) .<\/p>\n

2- \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 ( Errore di valutazione ).<\/p>\n

3- \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 ( Oericolo ).<\/p>\n

4- \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 ( Negligenza ).[22]<\/p>\n

5- \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 ( Rischo ).<\/p>\n

6- \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 ( Previdibilita ).<\/p>\n

(1) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 ( Stoppato ) \u0648 ( Manzini ) \u0648 ( Del Giudice ).[23]<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 ( Fine ) \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 ( Mezzo ) \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n

\u0623 – \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 ( Pericolosa ) \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0629 \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

(2) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a ( Von list ) \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a ( Levi ) \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627 ( Alimana ). \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a : \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647, \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 ( Imprudenza ) \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0637 ( Errore ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 ( Ignoranza ) \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0647\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( Imperizia ).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 ( Giudizio ) \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 ( Esecuzinoe ) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 ( Prevedillite ) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643.[24]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u064e \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064e\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646.[25]<\/p>\n

(3) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647 ( Grammatica ) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0636\u0627\u0631.[26]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 ( Florian ) \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 ( Caso fortuito ) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

(4) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0632\u062c\u0631 ( Mezger ) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0647\u0646\u062a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629\u061f \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642.<\/p>\n

(5) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u0632\u0648\u062c ( Herzog ) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 1956 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 ( Delitto di rischio )[27].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623, \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c\u0647 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n

(6) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629[28].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 ( Lax Aquilia )\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0636\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0648.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a ( Ferri ) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0635, \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b:<\/p>\n

\u0623 – \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u062c \u2013 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0624\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0623 – \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 ( Intelleto ) \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 ( Volonta )[29].<\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647.[30]<\/p>\n

\u062c \u2013 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b ( a posteriori ) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u062f \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0635\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647.[31]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 ( Risk ) \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

(3) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 ( \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 ) ( unlawful act ) \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 ( lawful acts done in unlawful way ) \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629 ( certainty ) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0647 ( risk ) \u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0647\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

1- \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 ( forsaw ) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0643\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646.<\/p>\n

2- \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n

3- \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631 ( gravity ) \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627 : \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n

(1) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0646\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 256 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 ( \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 … ).<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 (\u0645116\/\u0645). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 ( \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 … ) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1966 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 ( \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0631\u062b \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0623 … \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062d\u0634 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0626 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647- \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u2013 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0635 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 )[33].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 229 ( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 220 ( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 256 ( \u062a\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 265 ( \u062a\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 284 ( \u062a\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 ).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 ( Negligence ) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a ( non intentionally ).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0634. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0634 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b.[34]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 ( Recklessness, Rashness ) \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 ( \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627.[35]<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 ( Negligence ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 ( Recklessness ) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629[40].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637[41]. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a ( Reasonable man ) \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 ( Average ) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646 ( Insanaty ).<\/p>\n

(2) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f ( \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 ) \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647 ( \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 ) \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 ( \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647 ).[42]<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 ( Attention ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 ( Perception ) \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a ( Mental setting ) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 (Experience ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0641\u0629 ( Intimacy ) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 ( Perception ) \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

1- \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 ) \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n