{"id":3517,"date":"2016-08-16T02:28:57","date_gmt":"2016-08-15T23:28:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=3517"},"modified":"2017-12-03T06:45:53","modified_gmt":"2017-12-03T03:45:53","slug":"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%a3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a6%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%a3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a6%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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– \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1970.<\/p>\n

– \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1973.<\/p>\n

– \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1975.<\/p>\n

– \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0647\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 . \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a (Law of Tort )<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a :<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 33 \/4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

2- \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 17(\u0628) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 1983) \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n

3- \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\n

\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a) \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a) \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u061f\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 . \u0648\u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

2- \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 . \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

1- \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

2- \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u062e \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0647 Twining \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 :<\/p>\n

( \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645) (1) \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a \u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 :<\/p>\n

1- \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n

2- \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627”\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 :\u00a0\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a : Laubadere<\/p>\n

( \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646) (2) .<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u0640\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629) \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 33\/4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (*) \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

1- \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

2- \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 . \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 (3) \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 . \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 Twining .<\/p>\n

(\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629) (4)<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 (5) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 33\/4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 :<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 33\/4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f VEDEL \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 :<\/p>\n

( \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b (6) ).<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a : \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/p>\n

1- \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 33\/4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

2- \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 21 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1973 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 28\/4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 1986.<\/p>\n

(\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

3- \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n

(\u0623\u200c) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u062f (7) .<\/p>\n

( \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.)<\/p>\n

( \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a ) (8) .<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a . \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n

(\u0628\u200c) \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1- \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0647.<\/p>\n

2- \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 314 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b : \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 . . \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n

1- \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 . \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f \u0633\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0644 :<\/p>\n

(\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a . \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a ) (9) .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :<\/p>\n

( \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645) (10)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 : Twining :<\/p>\n

( \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1959 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1283 ) (11)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u061f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f :<\/p>\n

( \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 ) (12)<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a :<\/p>\n

(\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 ) (13) .<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0644 : \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f . . . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f) (14).<\/p>\n

2- \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a :<\/p>\n

\u0623\u200c- \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631* \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u200c- \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

3- \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

(\u0623\u200c) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

(\u0628\u200c) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b ) \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0640\u0642 \u0642\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 . \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 . . \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a .<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0643\u0634\u0640\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623) . . . \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n

2- \u062a\u062d\u0640\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a . . . \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 :<\/p>\n

( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 ) .<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 47 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 (\u062e\u0648\u0631) \u0623\u0639\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n

(\u0623\u200c) \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 . . \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 Twining \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

(\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649) (16)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 . . \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 Twining \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0630\u0643\u0631 :<\/p>\n

(\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 ) (17) .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 . \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 (\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a) .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 (\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627) \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

(\u0628\u200c) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 . \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u061f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0633\u062f \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 . . . \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0647\u0648\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 Twining \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0630\u0643\u0631 :<\/p>\n

(\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 47 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 . \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 ) (18).<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n

3- \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n

(\u0623\u200c) \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u062f (19) \u062c\u0627\u0621 :<\/p>\n

( \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 ) (20) .<\/p>\n

(\u0628)\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 ( ) \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 : \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 . \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a .<\/p>\n

1- \u062a\u062d\u0640\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a :<\/p>\n

(\u0623\u200c) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 33\/4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b ) \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

(\u0628\u200c) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a (\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629) .<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a :<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0640\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1976 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a :<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 . \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

3- \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b : \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1- \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a :<\/p>\n

(\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 ) .<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 . \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u064a Twining \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 :<\/p>\n

(\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1- \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

2- \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628.<\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 ( Vedel ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1983 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 533 .<\/p>\n

(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 . \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 .<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a) \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 .<\/p>\n

3- \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 .<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a . \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u2018\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a) \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0640\u062b\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0640\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0640\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 . \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 . \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a :<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1949 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

1- \u0646\u0637\u0640\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 :<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 5\/1 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0623 :<\/p>\n

(\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f (2) \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b )<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 6(1) : ( \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1949 \u0648\u0647\u064a :<\/p>\n

1- \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 6(1) (\u0623) .<\/p>\n

2- \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 6 (1) .<\/p>\n

3- \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 14 (\u0623) .<\/p>\n

4- \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0634 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 6 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 6 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 1949 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u060c \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 . \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 :<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 :<\/p>\n

(\u0623\u200c) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

(\u0628\u200c) \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

1- \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1939 :<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 7(1) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 :<\/p>\n

1- \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

2- \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 2 (1) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 .<\/p>\n

3- \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1947 :<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 . \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 . \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0644 . \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

(\u0623\u200c) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n

(\u0628\u200c) \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 3 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646).<\/p>\n

3-\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1950 :<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 . \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 . \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f 18 \u060c 19 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

(\u062a\u200c) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637.<\/p>\n

(\u062b\u200c) \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 3 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 ) .<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f 219 \u2013 20 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n

2- \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a :<\/p>\n

1- \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

2- \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a . \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b : \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

1- \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

2- \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (Common Law) \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 . \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1956 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 .<\/p>\n

3- \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

– \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 . \u0623\u0648.<\/p>\n

– \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a :<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 .<\/p>\n

\u0646\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 :<\/p>\n

1- \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a . \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

2- \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a . \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0640\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0643\u0640\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b : \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 . \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 . \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 Common Law . \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1900 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 3 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 .<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 )<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a . \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u062f. \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f . \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a :<\/p>\n

( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 ) (23).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (24). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 ( Twining ) \u0623\u0646 :<\/p>\n

(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a ) (25).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 . . .<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642 \u0645 \/ \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \/ 7 \/ 1925 (26).<\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 18 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a ( Sale of Goods 1893 ). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a :<\/p>\n

1- \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a . . . \u0623\u0648 .<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 ( Common Law ) \u0623\u0648 . .<\/p>\n

3- \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 :<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0636\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 (27) \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1880 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/p>\n

1- \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

2- \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 . \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0623 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 ) .\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1- \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 ( \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a ) (28).<\/p>\n

2- \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 314 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 1974 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983) \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 : \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (29) (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u061f<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 (Benoit ) (30) .<\/p>\n

( \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 ).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :<\/p>\n

( \u0644\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 . \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 : \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 . \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 .<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 (Benoit ) \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 . \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1- \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 . \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 :<\/p>\n

\u0623 \u2013 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 :<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 ) \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u061f<\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u061f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 . . \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 ( TWINING ) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 : ( \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645\u0647 ) (31).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631) \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0628 \u2013 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 (32) :<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 ( a contraric ) \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

2- \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 : \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 .. \u0627\u0644\u062e .<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0640\u062b\u00a0\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 6 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1974 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 6 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983 .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 :<\/p>\n

1- \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 :<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 :<\/p>\n

\u0623\u200c- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1900 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b .<\/p>\n

\u0628\u200c- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 ( Common Law ) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 (\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (33) \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a\u064a (34) \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0636\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0630\u0643\u0631 :<\/p>\n

(\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 (\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0645) \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 . \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b ) (35) .<\/p>\n

2- \u0645\u062f\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 :<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

\u0623\u200c- \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u062a \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u200c-\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 : (Twining ) :<\/p>\n

(\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 ) (36) .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

(\u062c) \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

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\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/p>\n

1- \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0631\u062c\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 33\/4 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n

\u0623- \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 :<\/p>\n

( \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 ) (37) .<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u200c- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 . \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u0646 :<\/p>\n

( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 (38).<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

2- \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0629 :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1949 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1939 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a .<\/p>\n

1- \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0631 . \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

2- \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u062d \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 : \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u061f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u061f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u061f<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n

( \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0640\u0640\u062b )<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) Twining . W . L , A Study in judicial technique ,<\/p>\n

Khartoum 1959, P . 116<\/p>\n

(2) A. de laubadere , Traite de droit, administratif, 8eme edition,<\/p>\n

1980. No. 1227. P. 718.<\/p>\n

(3) \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1958 \u0635 85.<\/p>\n

(4) Twining \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635 . 123.<\/p>\n

(5) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1959. \u0635 5 .<\/p>\n

(6) G. Vedel, Droit administratif Francais,<\/p>\n

8eme edition, P . U . F . Paris, 1982. P. 493<\/p>\n

(7) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u062f .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 1979 \u0635. 56 .<\/p>\n

(8) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0636\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 1970 \u0635 \u0632 52.<\/p>\n

(9) \u062f .\u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a 1..The Common law in the Sudan London, 1971 P.<\/p>\n

(10) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 2 .<\/p>\n

(11) Twining \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635 . 113 .<\/p>\n

(12) \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0636\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062f. \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 . 104.<\/p>\n

(13) \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1962 \u0635 228 .<\/p>\n

(14) \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1974 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1162.<\/p>\n

(15) Twining \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635 123.<\/p>\n

(16) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 123.<\/p>\n

(17) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 123.<\/p>\n

(18) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u062f<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1979 \u0635 56 .<\/p>\n

(19) \u062f . \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u060c<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 1980 \u0635 43 .<\/p>\n

(20) \u062f . \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a \u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635 177.<\/p>\n

(21) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 177 .<\/p>\n

(22) Twining \u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635 139 .<\/p>\n

(23) \u062f . \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a \u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635 134.<\/p>\n

(24) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 135.<\/p>\n

(25) \u0642 \u0645 \/ \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \/ 1962\u0645 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1962 \u0635 228 .<\/p>\n

(26) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 1972 \u0635 128.<\/p>\n

(27) F . P . Benoit, Droit administrtif Fran\u00e7ais,<\/p>\n

(1968 p . 691 )<\/p>\n

(28) Twining \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635 123 .<\/p>\n

(29) \u062f . \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a \u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635 136 .<\/p>\n

(30) \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1962 \u0635 228 \u0642 \u0645\/ \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \/53\/1962.<\/p>\n

(31) \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/p>\n

(32) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1967 (\u0635) 225.<\/p>\n

(33) Twining \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635 113 .<\/p>\n

(34) Laubadere \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0635 718.<\/p>\n

(35) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u060c<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1973 \u060c \u0635 44 .<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0640\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062b<\/p>\n

1- \u062f . \u0648\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984.<\/p>\n

2- G. Vedel, Droit administratif Francais<\/p>\n

8eme edition P . U . F . Paris. 1982.<\/p>\n

3- A. de laubadere, Traite de droit<\/p>\n

administratif 8eme edition 1980<\/p>\n

4- \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 1980.<\/p>\n

5- \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0633\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u060c \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1975 \u2013 1979 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 1980.<\/p>\n

6- \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 1979.<\/p>\n

7- \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 1972.<\/p>\n

8- \u062f . \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1972.<\/p>\n

9- \u062f . \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a . \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1971<\/p>\n

Common law in the Sudan<\/p>\n

10-F.P. Benoit, Droit administratif Francais, 1968 .<\/p>\n

11- Natal. Olwak, The courts and the reception of the English law in the Sudan 1968<\/p>\n

12- \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1967.<\/p>\n

13- W. L. Twining. A study in Judicial tedniques, Khartoum. S.L.J.R. 1959 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0640\u0648\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0640\u0640\u062b<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 … … … … … … … 315<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 :<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 … … … 321<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a … … … 322<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 . 328<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 .. 335<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a :<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 … … 341<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 341<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 … . . 343<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b : \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 .. 348<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b : … … … … … … 352<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b : … … … … … … 354<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b : … … … … … … 357<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b … … … … … … 358<\/p>\n

——————————————————–<\/p>\n

* \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 (5) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 : \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 .<\/p>\n

* \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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