{"id":130061,"date":"2018-09-23T13:08:05","date_gmt":"2018-09-23T10:08:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=130061"},"modified":"2018-09-23T13:08:05","modified_gmt":"2018-09-23T10:08:05","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a3%d8%ab%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%85-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a3%d8%ab%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%85-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 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Sanders (1963) \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Reynold v. Smis (1964) (12). \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 &#8221; \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u060c \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f &#8221; (13). \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 . \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 . \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641\u0629 (14). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1973 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 Whight v. Regester \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Mobile \u0639\u0627\u0645 1980 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Davis v. Bandemer \u0639\u0627\u0645 1986 (15).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u060c \u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 . [ \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Georgia v. United States (1973) \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Gomillion v. Light foot (1960) ] (16). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 . [ \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Hamm v. Virginia State Bd. Of Elections (1964) \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Tancil v. Woolls (1964) ] (17).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a [ \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Anderson v. Martin (1964) ] (18). \u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 . [ \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Carter v. Bullock (1972) \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Lubin v. Panish (1974) ] (19). \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u2013 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0647 &#8211; . [ \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Turner v. Fouche (1970) \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Quinn v. Millsap (1989) ] (20).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (21) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (22). \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (23). \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 . \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0644\u062c\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1940 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 &#8221; 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\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 &#8221; (25).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u062f\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (26).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">___________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">1-\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f. \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u06371 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u060c 2004 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 82 \u2013 83<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">2- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0632 \u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c\u0635 \u0635 108 \u2013 109 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062c. \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 &#8211; \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u060c 1989 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 137 \u2013 138<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">3- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u060c 1964 \u060c \u0635 199<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">4-Lane v. Wilson \u060c 307 U.S. 275 (1939)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623. \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0633\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 340<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">5- \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/ \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1866 \u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 . \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3 \u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u060c 2001 \u060c \u0635 1<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">6- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623. \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0633\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 340<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">7-Haper v. Virginia Board of Elections \u060c 383 U.S. 663 (1966)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Jackson (Percival E.) ; Dissent in the Supreme Court \u060c The University of OkLahoma press\u060c P. 384<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">8- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f. \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u2013 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 2002 \u060c \u0635 785<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">9- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u060c 2004\u060c \u0635 93 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Colegrove v. Green (1946) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Epstein (Lee) and Walker (thomas G. ) ; Constitutional Law For Achanging America\u060c 4th Ed. \u060c Congressional Quarterly INC. Washington \u060c D.C. 2001 \u060c PP. 768 \u2013 769.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">10-Baker V. Carr 369 U.S. 186 (1962)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Epstein (Lee) and Walker (Thomas G. )\u060c Ibid\u060c PP. 769 \u2013 774<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">11- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f. \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 787<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">12-Gray v. Sanders\u060c 372 U.S. 368 (1963) \u060c Reynold v. Sims \u060c 377 U.S. 533 (1964)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Nowak (John E. ) and Rotunda (Ronald D.); Constitutional Law \u060c Seventh Edition\u060c Thomson West \u060c 2001 \u060c P. 1040.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">13-Nowak (John E. ) and Rotunda (Ronald D.) ; Constitutional Law \u060c Ibid \u060c PP. 1040 \u2013 1041<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">14- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 3 \u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 94<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">15- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 &#8211; \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 1995 \u060c \u0635 81 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648 \u062f. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 526<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">16-Georgia v. United States\u060c 411 U.S. 526 (1973)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Gomillion v. Light foot \u060c 364 U.S. 339 (1960)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 : Nowak (John E. ) and Rotunda (Ronald D.) ; Constitutional Law \u060c Ibid \u060c P. 1032<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">17-Hamm v. Virginia State Bd. Of Elections 230 U.S. 65 (1964) Tancil v. Woolls \u060c 379 U.S. 19 (1964)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 Nowak (John E.) and Rotunda (Ronald D.) ; Constitutional Law\u060c Ibid \u060c P. 1032<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">18-Anderson v. Martin \u060c 375 U.S. 399 (1964)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 Ibid \u060c P. 1032<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">19-Bullock v. Carter\u060c 405 U.S. 134 (1972)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Lubin v. Panish \u060c 415 U.S. 709 (1974)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 Ibid \u060c P. 1022<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">20-Turner v. Fouche \u060c 396 U.S. 346 (1970)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Quinn v. Millsap\u060c 491 U.S. 95 (1989)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 Ibid \u060c PP. 1023 &#8211; 1024<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">21- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Mckenna (George) ; American Politics\u060c Mc Graw \u2013 Hill Inc. \u060c Newyork\u060c 1976\u060c P. 173<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">22- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f. \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0628\u062c\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b &#8211; \u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 2001 \u060c \u0635 130<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">23- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u2013 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 &#8211; \u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u060c 2004 \u060c \u0635 105<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">24- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0637 1 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1961 \u060c \u0635 267 \u060c \u0648 \u062f. \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1974 \u2013 1975 \u060c \u0635 178<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 Cushman (Robert E.) ; Civil Liberties in the United State\u060c Ithaca\u060c N.Y: Cornell University Press \u060c 1956 \u060c PP. 167 \u2013 207<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">25- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f. \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 222.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">26- \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1951 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b) \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Yates v. United States (1957) \u060c \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a &#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 . \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 &#8221; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 &#8221; \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 . \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u064a\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647 . \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 187<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 : \u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062c\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 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