{"id":128770,"date":"2018-09-14T02:12:26","date_gmt":"2018-09-13T23:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=128770"},"modified":"2018-09-14T02:12:26","modified_gmt":"2018-09-13T23:12:26","slug":"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b4-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b4-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n(\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629) ([1])<\/span><\/p>\n

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Abstract<\/span><\/p>\n

There is no doubt that there is an integrative relationship between political pressure groups and good governance. This depends on the limitations and space allowed for these groups to work in an environment of cooperation and understanding with the various state institutions. The greater these groups contribute to decision making and participate in the disclosure of administrative and financial corruption issues, the more positively reflected on the promotion of good governance. In order to translate these texts and activate them on the ground, and to show the truth of this matter, we divided the study into two sections in addition to a preliminary requirement, in which we dealt with the relationship between political participation and good governance, and then we devoted the first section to explain what political lobbying and its role in promoting good governance. The second and final section discusses the methods of political pressure groups in promoting good governance in Palestine, followed by the scientific methodology based on the analytical descriptive study, and we reached many conclusions and recommendations. The most important was the call of the Palestinian National Authority to approve its political system, In the Basic Law, especially guarantors to form political parties and institutions of civil society, freedom of expression of public opinion on the ground, and the need to accelerate the passage of the Palestinian political parties\u2019 law.<\/p>\n

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\n\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (WB)\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629).<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641\u062a\u0652\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (OCED) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647: (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636([33]) \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a)\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629)\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629)\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629(.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645: \u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 (William Albig) \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627)([83])\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0647 (Leonard Doob) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0627)([84]).<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636([88]):<\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u064f\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064e \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a([89])\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u064f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u062c\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627([90]).
\n\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.
\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 (\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u064d \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f.
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\u0648\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649: \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/span> \u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647([139])\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u2013\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u2013 \u0623\u064a\u0652 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645([140]).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a (\u0623\u064a\u0651\u064e \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0651\u064f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645)([141]).<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629([142])\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a([143])\u060c \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 (Maurice Duverger) \u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u064f\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f)([144])\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 (Jean Marie Denquin)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 (\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d)([145])\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627([146]).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c<\/span> \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a (David H) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1760\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643)([147])\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 (Maurice Hauriou) \u0641\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627)([148])\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 (Benjamin Constant) \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a (\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0640\u0646\u064b\u0627)([149])\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0651\u0650\u0647\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a\u0652 \u0628\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0631 (Andre Hauriou)<\/span> \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0647\u0648 (\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629)([150])\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0647 (Barbara Mack Stephen) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629)([151]).<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a([152])\u060c\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 (Marx) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0650\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0650 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0631\u064e \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629)([153])\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a\u0652 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629([154]).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646)([155]).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u064f \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627)([156]).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0651\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629)([157]).<\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a (\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629)([158]).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u062c\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a:<\/p>\n

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\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/span> \u0623\u064a\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647.
\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645: \u0623<\/span>\u064a\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628([160]).
\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0652\u0639\u064f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646([161]).<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2) \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u064d \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u064f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064e \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0652\u064a\u0647\u0650 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629).<\/p>\n

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\n\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2009\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1993\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1998\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1987\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629- \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645.
\n\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645.
\n\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1989\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2003\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1999\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2007\u0645.
\n\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2007\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1986\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0644\u0639\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2003\u0645.
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2006\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1992\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2009\u0645\u060c
\n\u062f. \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2004\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1997\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2005\u0645.
\n\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2014\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2013\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1993\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2003\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u201c\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u201d\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2009\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\/ \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2004\u0645.
\n\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 28\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2003\u0645.
\n\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1987\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u201d\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2012\u0645.
\n\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2000\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 19.
\n\u062f. \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 36\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 142\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2000\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1992\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0633\u060c \u062f. \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c (\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a)\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 12\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u060c \u062f. \u062a\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u06cc\u0646\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f22\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u0645.
\n\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c (\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645.
\n\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2014\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2007\u0645.
\n\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062c\u0646\u064a\u060c (\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 2006\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a)\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645
\n\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2005\u0645.
\n\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0637\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2013\u0645.
\n\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0652\u0646 (1918\u0645-1939\u0645)\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984\u0645.
\n\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c (\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u0632\u0629)\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c 2010\u0645.
\n\u0635\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u0645
\n\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c (\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645.
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0631\u060c (\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u0632\u0629)\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645.
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c (\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u201c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u201d\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2007\u0645.
\n\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (11)\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1999\u0645\u060c
\n\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1995\u0645.
\n\u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1992\u0645.
\n\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f. \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2009\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

Andr\u00e9 Hauriou; Jean Gicquel et patriceGelard, Droit constitutionnel et institutions politiques, Montchrestien, 1985.
\nBall, Allen, Modern Politics and Government, 2nd edittion, Publish by the macmillan Press L.T.D, London, 1979.
\nBenoit Jeanneau, Droit constitutionnel et institution politique, Dalloz, 1991.
\nBenjamin Constant, De la libert\u00e9 des Anciens compare \u00e0 celle des Modernes, 1819.
\nIra H. carment: Power and Balance, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich I.N.C, New York, 1978.
\nMaurice Duverger, Les partis politiques, librairie Armand Colin, 1976.
\nMaurice Hauriou, Pr\u00e9cis de droit administratif et de droit public, Sirey, 1933.
\nPatrick Wichsmann, Libert\u00e9publique, 3e \u00e9d, Dalloz, 2000.
\nPunnett( R.M ) :British Government and Politics, Heinemann London, 1973.
\nRaymond Aron, Essai sur libert\u00e9s, 1965, Hachette, 1976.
\nRapport surLibert\u00e9d\u2019expressionetresponsabilit, Etude de droit Prive, Guillaume, 2006.
\nSigmund Neumann, ed. Modern Political Parties (Chi cago: University of Chicago Press 1956.
\nV.Monsma: American Politics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1969.
\nWilliam Albig, Modem public opinion, New York, McGraw Hill, 1956.
\n([1]) \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u201d\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2015\u0645.<\/p>\n

([2]) \u062f. \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2007\u0645\u060c \u0635262.<\/p>\n

([3]) Dominique Chagnlooaud, Le pr\u00e9sident et la doctrine, R.D.P, no 6, 1999, p. 190<\/p>\n

([4]) \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627: \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 -\u0648\u0628\u062d\u0642- \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645\u060c \u063510-18\u060c \u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\/ \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2004\u0645\u060c \u06352.<\/p>\n

([4]) \u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2009\u0645\u060c \u0635170 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06352.<\/p>\n

([5]) \u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645\u060c \u0635195.<\/p>\n

([6])\u062f. \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 36 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 142 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2000\u0645\u060c \u0635286.<\/p>\n

([7]) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0645\u060c \u063570.<\/p>\n

([8])\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0635140.<\/p>\n

([9])\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0635560.<\/p>\n

([10]) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0635184.<\/p>\n

([11]) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0635381.<\/p>\n

([12])\u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645\u060c \u0635221.<\/p>\n

([13]) Stephen.V.Monsma: American Politics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1969, P333.<\/p>\n

([14]) Punnett( R.M ) :British Government and Politics, Heinemann London, 1973, P. 134-135.<\/p>\n

([15]) Jean-Marie Denquin, introduction \u00e0 la science politique,op.cit, p. 396<\/p>\n

([16]) Benoit Jeanneau, Droit constitutionnel et institution politique, Dalloz, 1991, p. 72<\/p>\n

([17]) \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u0645\u060c \u0635241 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e9avis de gr\u00e8ve des syndicats, Mobilisation nationale en 9 Avril 2013([18])<\/p>\n

([19])\u062f. \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1992\u0645\u060c \u0635145-146.<\/p>\n

([20]) \u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635197.<\/p>\n

Ira H. carment: Power and Balance, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich INC, New York, 1978, P. 394.(4)<\/p>\n

([22])\u062f. \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635145.<\/p>\n

([23])\u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635222.<\/p>\n

([24]) \u062f. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2013\u0645 \u060c \u063525.<\/p>\n

([25])\u062f. \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635143.<\/p>\n

([26])\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2007\u0645\u060c \u06358\u060c \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635245.<\/p>\n

([27]) \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0637\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2013\u0645\u060c \u063512.<\/p>\n

([28])\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0635 592.<\/p>\n

([29]) \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06351650.<\/p>\n

([30]) \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (947) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0630\u064a\u0631).<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (53) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 4 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649: (1-\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. 2-\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629(.<\/p>\n

([31]) Arab Human Development Report, 2002<\/p>\n

([32])\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c 30\/12\/2013\u0645\u060c https:\/\/www.mfnca.gov.ae<\/p>\n

([33])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n

([34]) \u0635\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u0645\u060c \u063514-19.<\/p>\n

([35])\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063540 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([36]) \u062f. \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2007\u0645\u060c \u0635244.<\/p>\n

([37])\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063540 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635258\u060c \u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1998\u0645\u060c \u0635254\u060c \u062f, \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1997\u0645\u060c \u0635163.<\/p>\n

([38]) Ball, Allen, Modern Politics and Government, 2nd edittion, Publish by the macmillan Press L.T.D, London, 1979, P.110.<\/p>\n

([39])\u062f. \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635468.<\/p>\n

([40])\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645\u060c \u063525-27.<\/p>\n

([41]) \u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 -\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f. \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1992\u0645\u060c \u0635321.<\/p>\n

([42]) \u062f, \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635162.<\/p>\n

([43])\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635357 \u2013 358.<\/p>\n

)[44]( Maurice Duverger, Institution politique, op.cit, p. 71<\/p>\n

([45])\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2009\u0645\u060c \u0635277\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c 2007\u0645\u060c \u063543.<\/p>\n

([46]) \u062f. \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2007\u0645\u060c \u063548-49.<\/p>\n

([47]) \u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1995\u0645\u060c \u063521 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([48]) \u062f. \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635164\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063516.<\/p>\n

([49]) \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u201c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u201d\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645\u060c \u0635146.<\/p>\n

([50])\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 1989\u0645\u060c \u0635142-148.<\/p>\n

([51])\u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635198-199\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645\u060c \u0635113 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([52])\u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u201c\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u201d\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983\u0645\u060c \u060c \u06359 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([53]) \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e: \u062c\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 48 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u201c\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063591 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([54]) \u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f. \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2009\u0645\u060c \u0635141\u060c \u062f. \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635468 \u2013 469\u060c \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635245\u060c \u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635221\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06355\u060c \u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645\u060c \u0635107.<\/p>\n

Ball, Allen, Modern Politics and Government, op.citP.102-103.<\/p>\n

([55]) \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645\u060c \u063541.<\/p>\n

([56]) \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063555.<\/p>\n

([57]) \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063546 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([58])\u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (12) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1999\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649: (\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: -1-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647. -2-\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u2026).<\/p>\n

([59])\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2000\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 19\u060c \u06357.<\/p>\n

([60])\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2005\u0645\u060c \u063597-98.<\/p>\n

([61])\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063598-104.<\/p>\n

([62]) \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063578.<\/p>\n

([63])\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u060c \u063542-43.<\/p>\n

([64]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063546-48.<\/p>\n

([65])\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631\u060c \u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645\u060c \u063569 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([66]) \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 1918\u0645-1939\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984\u0645\u060c \u063558.<\/p>\n

([67]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063538\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0632 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063528.<\/p>\n

([68])\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063589.<\/p>\n

([69]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 1992\u0645\u060c \u063524.<\/p>\n

([70]) \u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063527 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([71])\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645\u060c \u0635108-109\u060c \u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1993\u0645\u060c \u063564.<\/p>\n

([72]) \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635110.<\/p>\n

([73]) \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645\u060c \u063538-39.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627: \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 14\/6\/2007\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0650 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064d \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u201c\u0628\u0643\u0631\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u201c\u062d\u0650\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0633\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u201c\u062f\u063a\u0645\u0634\u201d \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

([74]) \u062f. \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635286-287.<\/p>\n

([75]) \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635252.<\/p>\n

([76]) \u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635233.<\/p>\n

([77])\u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635161\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2000\u0645\u060c \u0635148 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([78]) \u062f. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2005\u0645\u060c \u063516\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1987\u0645\u060c \u063514\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06358.<\/p>\n

([79])\u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u063511.<\/p>\n

([80]) \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635218\u060c \u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635244.<\/p>\n

([81])\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1987\u0645\u060c \u0635132-133\u060c \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1991\u0645\u060c \u0635355-356.<\/p>\n

([82])\u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1959\u0645\u060c \u0635219\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635161\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635279\u060c \u062f. \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635159.<\/p>\n

([83]) William Albig, Modem public opinion, New York, McGraw Hill, 1956, p.4-8.<\/p>\n

([84]) Leonard Doob, public opinion and propaganda, previous reference, p.36.<\/p>\n

([85]) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1987\u0645\u060c \u063597.<\/p>\n

([86]) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 28\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2003\u0645\u060c \u063582.<\/p>\n

([87]) \u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1998\u0645\u060c \u063552.<\/p>\n

([88]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635265\u060c \u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635245.<\/p>\n

([89]) \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063571.<\/p>\n

([90])\u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635247\u060c \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063587.<\/p>\n

([91])\u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645\u060c \u063525.<\/p>\n

([92]) Robert o. Carlson, communication and public opinion quarterly Reader, New York, pracger publishers, 1975, p.527<\/p>\n

([93])\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635132-133\u060c \u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635364\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645\u060c \u063538\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06351.<\/p>\n

([94])\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645\u060c \u063553.<\/p>\n

([95]) Robert o. Carlson, communication and public opinion quarterly Reader ,op .cit, p.527<\/p>\n

([96])\u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06353.<\/p>\n

([97]) Patrick Wichsmann, Libert\u00e9publique, 3e \u00e9d, Dalloz, 2000, p. 190.<\/p>\n

([98])\u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06351\u060c \u062f. \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1999\u0645\u060c \u0635134.<\/p>\n

([99])\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635132\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063538\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635271-272.<\/p>\n

)[100]( Rapport sur Libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression et responsabilit, Etude de droit Prive, Guillaume, 2006<\/p>\n

([101])\u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 217.<\/p>\n

([102])\u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063561 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([103])\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063582-84\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063597\u060c \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635226\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f.\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063519\u060c \u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635258\u060c \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635129-130\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645\u060c \u063550.<\/p>\n

([104]) \u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635257\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u0645\u060c \u063530-31\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063566-67\u060c \u062f. \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635153\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063529.<\/p>\n

([105])\u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635254-255\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063532\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063568-69\u060c \u062f. \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635153.<\/p>\n

([106])\u062f. \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635155.<\/p>\n

([107])\u062f. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063523\u060c \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635147\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063532.<\/p>\n

([108]) \u062f. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063519\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063532\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063564-65\u060c \u062f. \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2003\u0645\u060c \u0635203\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063528.<\/p>\n

([109]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2014\u0645\u060c \u063516 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([110])\u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1993\u0645\u060c \u063521.<\/p>\n

([111]) \u062f. \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0644\u0639\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2003\u0645\u060c \u063559.<\/p>\n

([112]) \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635161.<\/p>\n

([113]) Patrick Wichsmann, Libert\u00e9publique, op. cit, p.190.<\/p>\n

([114])\u062f. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635248-249\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2006\u0645\u060c \u0635188.<\/p>\n

([115]) \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635165.<\/p>\n

([116])\u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0633\u060c \u062f. \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 12\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645\u060c \u0635146.<\/p>\n

([117]) \u062f. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f.\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063562-63\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635162.<\/p>\n

([118])\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635253.<\/p>\n

([119]) \u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0633\u060c \u062f. \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635142.<\/p>\n

([120])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n

([121]) \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635255\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063540\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063563\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063550.<\/p>\n

([122])\u062f. \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2004\u0645\u060c \u063572.<\/p>\n

([123])\u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063513.<\/p>\n

([124])\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063541\u060c \u062f. \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u0645\u060c \u0635164.<\/p>\n

([125]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635291.<\/p>\n

([126]) \u062f. \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063564 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([127]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063573-81\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635938-939.<\/p>\n

([128]) \u062f. \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201d \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0631\u201d\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2012\u0645\u060c \u06351.<\/p>\n

([129]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2012\u0645\u060c \u063519-20.<\/p>\n

([130]) \u062f. \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635184.<\/p>\n

([131])\u062f. \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06352\u060c\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06353.<\/p>\n

([132]) \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635341\u060c \u062f. \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635156\u060c\u062f. \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635222\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635133\u060c \u062f. \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2009\u0645\u060c \u0635129\u060c \u062f. \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635256.<\/p>\n

([133]) \u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2003\u0645\u060c \u0635124.<\/p>\n

([134]) \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635144.<\/p>\n

([135]) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0635148.<\/p>\n

([136]) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621\u060c \u063580.<\/p>\n

([137]) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0635175.<\/p>\n

([138]) \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635854.<\/p>\n

([139]) \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06352149.<\/p>\n

([140]) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635328.<\/p>\n

([141]) \u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635123.<\/p>\n

([142]) \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063517.<\/p>\n

([143]) \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064f\u062f\u0652 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637.<\/p>\n

Benjamin Constant, De la libert\u00e9 des Anciens compare \u00e0 celle des Modernes, 1819, p.138<\/p>\n

([144]) Maurice Duverger, Les partis politiques, librairie Armand Colin, 1976, p. 253<\/p>\n

([145]) Jean Marie Denquin, introduction \u00e0 la science politique, op .cit, p. 90<\/p>\n

([146])\u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635125.<\/p>\n

([147]) \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635138.<\/p>\n

)[148] (Maurice Hauriou, Pr\u00e9cis de droit administratif et de droit public, Sirey, 1933, p. 122<\/p>\n

([149]) Andr\u00e9 Hauriou; Jean Gicquel et patrice Gelard, Droit constitutionnel et institutions politiques, Montchrestien, 1985, P. 280.<\/p>\n

([150]) Andr\u00e9 Hauriou; Jean Gicquel et patri, Droit constitutionnel et institutions politiques, op .cit, P. 276.<\/p>\n

([151]) \u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635126-127.<\/p>\n

([152])\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f (\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0633) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

Raymond Aron, Essai sur libert\u00e9s, 1965, Hachette, 1976, p.42<\/p>\n

Jean-Marie Denquin, sur les conflits de libert\u00e9s, in M\u00e9langes, \u00e9d, Emile-Paul,198, p.550<\/p>\n

([153]) Andr\u00e9 Hauriou; Jean Gicquel et patri, Droit constitutionnel et institutions politiques, op.cit, P. 280<\/p>\n

([154]) \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635138.<\/p>\n

([155])\u062f. \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1986\u0645\u060c \u0635627.<\/p>\n

([156]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635411.<\/p>\n

([157])\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635107.<\/p>\n

([158])\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635341.<\/p>\n

([159]) \u062f. \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635221.<\/p>\n

([160])\u062f. \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u060c \u062f. \u062a\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u06cc\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f22\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2008\u0645\u060c \u06351.<\/p>\n

([161]) Georges Burdeau, Droit Constitutionnel et Politiques, op.cit , p. 129.<\/p>\n

(3) Sigmund Neumann, ed. Modern Political Parties (Chi cago: University of Chicago Press 1956 ), p.395.<\/p>\n

([163])\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0646\u06291985\u0645\u060c \u0635794.<\/p>\n

([164]) HuguePortelli, Droit constitutionnel, op.cit, p. 150<\/p>\n

([165])\u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635137\u060c \u062f. \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635112.<\/p>\n

([166]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u2013\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u2013\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2011\u0645\u060c \u0635155.<\/p>\n

([167]) \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635133.<\/p>\n

([168]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635195-196.<\/p>\n

([169])\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635154.<\/p>\n

([170])\u062f. \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635111.<\/p>\n

([171])\u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635211\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063581.<\/p>\n

([172])\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635342\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635148<\/p>\n

([173]) \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063584.<\/p>\n

([174]) \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635124\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635140-149\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063580.<\/p>\n

([175]) \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635307.<\/p>\n

([176]) \u062f. \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635136.<\/p>\n

([177]) \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635137\u060c \u062f. \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635112\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635142.<\/p>\n

([178]) \u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635212\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635285\u060c \u062f. \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635133\u060c \u062f. \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063571.<\/p>\n

([179]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635100\u060c \u062f. \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635190-191\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063575-76.<\/p>\n

([180]) \u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635132-136\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635136\u060c \u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635212.<\/p>\n

([181]) \u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635159\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063582.<\/p>\n

([182])\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635343\u060c \u062f. \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635158-159\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635100\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635142\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635286\u060c \u062f. \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635633.<\/p>\n

([183])\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635421-422.<\/p>\n

([184]) \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635121\u060c \u062f. \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635159.<\/p>\n

([185]) \u062f. \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645\u060c \u0635156.<\/p>\n

([186]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635184\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635143\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635105.<\/p>\n

([187]) \u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635151.<\/p>\n

([188]) \u062f. \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635147.<\/p>\n

([189]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984\u0645\u060c \u0635193.<\/p>\n

([190])\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635421.<\/p>\n

([191])\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063584\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062c\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u06352\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063550.<\/p>\n

([192])\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063579.<\/p>\n

([193])\u062f. \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635572.<\/p>\n

([194])\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635130\u060c \u062f. \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635234.<\/p>\n

([195])\u062f. \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635139.<\/p>\n

([196]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635411-412\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063550.<\/p>\n

([197])\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635132-133.<\/p>\n

([198])\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635413.<\/p>\n

([199]) Maurice Duverger, Les partis politiques, op.cit, p. 237.<\/p>\n

([200])\u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635209.<\/p>\n

([201])\u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635213.<\/p>\n

([202]) \u062f. \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635117.<\/p>\n

([203]) \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (5) \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1971\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0651\u064e\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649: \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u201d.<\/p>\n

([204]) \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635344.<\/p>\n

([205]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635418.<\/p>\n

([206]) \u062f. \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635117.<\/p>\n

([207]) \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635349\u060c \u062f. \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635585\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635113.<\/p>\n

([208]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635151.<\/p>\n

([209]) \u062f. \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635141.<\/p>\n

([210]) \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635346 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

([211]) \u062f. \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635118.<\/p>\n

([212]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u2013\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u2013 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645\u060c \u063514\u060c \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0646\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063557 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063563-64.<\/p>\n

([213]) \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (11)\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1999\u0645\u060c \u063512\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\u060c 5\u060c 6) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1998\u0645.<\/p>\n

([214]) \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062c\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 2006\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 2010\u0645\u060c \u063520.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631: \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

([215]) \u062f. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635144.<\/p>\n

([216]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635102.<\/p>\n

([217]) \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (5) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645 9 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1995\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a (\u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646).<\/p>\n

([218]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984\u0645\u060c \u0635195.<\/p>\n

([219]) \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635197-198.<\/p>\n

([220]) \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635153-154.<\/p>\n

([221])\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635148\u060c \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635146.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u062a<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629) ([1]) \u062f. \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \/ \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 Abstract There is no doubt that there is an integrative relationship between political pressure groups and good governance. This depends on the limitations and space allowed for these groups to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":128774,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[375,1867,437,2015,6357],"class_list":["post-128770","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","tag-375","tag-1867","tag-437","tag-2015","tag-6357"],"views":1088,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128770","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=128770"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128770\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":128776,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128770\/revisions\/128776"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/128774"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=128770"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=128770"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=128770"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}