{"id":124313,"date":"2018-08-15T18:52:03","date_gmt":"2018-08-15T15:52:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=124313"},"modified":"2018-08-15T18:52:03","modified_gmt":"2018-08-15T15:52:03","slug":"%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ba%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ba%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%aa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n

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\n“la vente est une convention par laquelle l\u2019un s\u2019oblige \u00e0 livrer une chose et l\u2019autre \u00e0 la payer”.
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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0636\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0641\u0647\u061b \u0643\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\n\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0647\u0627[22]\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/span>
\n\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062d: \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u064a\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 138 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 138 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f “1- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627. 2- \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646.”[23]\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 129 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 130 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 130 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 ” \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0646 [24]”\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u063a\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645.
\n\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u061b 1981.
\n\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0634: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u2013 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 54 \u0648479 \u0642.\u0644.\u0639\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u061b 1996.
\n\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0638\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1987.
\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u2013 \u0634\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631 2002\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.
\n\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2007\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637.
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 2004\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 – \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 – \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0646\u0648\u0646\u0628\u06312011\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637.
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a – \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2012 \u061b \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 .
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u2013 1998.
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u061b \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629: 1997 \u2013 1998.
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 2010\u061b \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637.
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 – \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2012.
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0645\u064a\u062c\u0629: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2007\u061b \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637.
\n\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644: \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a – \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061b 1977.
\n\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u061b \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628: \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u061b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0639\u061b \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u061b\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 1991.
\n\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0632\u0628\u0631\u064a: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1972.
\n\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642: \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u061b \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645.
\n\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629)\u061b \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 21\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2013 2005.
\n\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0631: \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u061b \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (\u062d.\u0639.3985 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 24 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1997. \u0645.\u0645.\u0639 95\/1\/3817)\u061b \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 2002.
\n\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0643\u064a: \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u061b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a 1975.
\n\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.
\n\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0642\u0631: \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0639 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u061b \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0649\u061b \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u061b 2008.
\n\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 11.
\n\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 139\u061b\u0633\u0646\u0629 1988.
\n\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 “\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u061b \u0639\u062f\u062f 16\u061b \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 1999.
\n\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629:\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0648\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u061b\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0645\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u061b \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 – \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 2009.
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 Global Arabic Encyclop\u00e9dia\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b 1425\u0647\u0640 2004\u0645.
\nGHESTIN Jacques et DESCHE Bernard : Trait\u00e9 des contrats -la vente.
\nMALAURIE (Ph) et AYNES (L) : Les Contrats Sp\u00e9ciaux
\n.
\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634
\n) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 – \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 – \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0646\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0631[1]( 2011\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u061b \u0635: 136.
\n\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0643\u064a: \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u061b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a 1975\u061b \u0635: 131. ) [2](
\n“Abdellah Hammoudi \u2013 Master and ) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639- \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628[3]( Disciple : The Cultural Foundations of Moroccan Authoritarianism The University of Chicago, Chicago \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 “\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u061b \u0639\u062f\u062f 16\u061b \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 1999\u061b \u0635: 35 London, 1997″
\n([4]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 Global Arabic Encyclop\u00e9dia\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b 1425\u0647\u0640 2004\u0645.
\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u2013 \u0634\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631 2002\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0635: 334. ) [5](
\n([6]) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 “( \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627; \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621”
\n\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u061b \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0639\u061b \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u061b \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 2003.
\n“\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 130 )\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 122 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0627…”
\n\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u061b \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628: \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u061b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0639\u061b \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u061b\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 1991.
\n([7]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 2010\u061b \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u061b \u0635: 131 \u0648 132.
\n([8]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u2013 1998\u061b \u0635: 384.
\n([9] ) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u061b \u0635: 148.
\n([10]) \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629:\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0648\u061b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u061b\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0645\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u061b \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 – \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 2009\u061b \u0635: 1158.
\n([11]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 2004\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0635: 66.
\n([12] ) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u061b \u0635: 67.
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\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0645\u064a\u062c\u0629: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2007\u061b \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u061b \u0635: 566.
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\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0647 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627
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\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a – \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2012 \u061b \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u061b \u0635:178.
\n([16]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a – \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u061b\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u061b \u0635: 177.<\/p>\n

([17]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a – \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u061b \u0635: 177.
\n([18]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2007\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u061b \u0635: 303.
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\n\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0642\u0631: \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0639 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u061b \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0649\u061b \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u061b 2008\u061b \u0635: 6
\n\u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629\u061b\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u061b \u0635: 67.
\n\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629.
\n\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u061b \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629: 1997 \u2013 1998\u060c \u0635: 17.
\n([20]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0631: \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u061b \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (\u062d.\u0639.3985 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 24 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1997. \u0645.\u0645.\u0639 95\/1\/3817)\u061b \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 2002\u061b \u0635: 60 \u0648 61.
\n([21]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u061b \u0635:73.
\n([22]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642: \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u061b\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u061b \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u061b \u0635: 100.<\/p>\n

([23]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629)\u061b \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 21\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2013 2005\u061b \u0635: 116.
\n([24]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f 163 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647.
\n([25]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644: \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a – \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061b 1977\u061b \u0635: 247.
\n([26]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u061b 1981\u061b \u0635: 54.
\n([27]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0634: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u2013 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 54 \u0648479 \u0642.\u0644.\u0639\u061b \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u061b 1996\u061b \u0635: 14.
\n([28]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u061b \u0635:74.
\n([29]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0632\u0628\u0631\u064a: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1972\u061b \u0635: 133 \u0648 134.
\n([30]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0638\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 – 1987\u061b \u0635: 291.
\n([31]) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 11\u061b \u0635: 139 \u0648 140.
\n([32]) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 139\u061b\u0633\u0646\u0629 1988\u061b \u0635: 103 \u0648 104.
\n([33]) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 139\u061b \u0633\u0646\u0629 1988.
\n([34]) GHESTIN Jacques et DESCHE Bernard : Trait\u00e9 des contrats -la vente ; op.cit ; p :489.
\nMALAURIE (Ph) et AYNES (L) : Les Contrats Sp\u00e9ciaux, op .cit ; p:177.
\n([35]) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 – \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2012\u060c \u0635 328.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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