{"id":121044,"date":"2018-07-22T08:51:27","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T05:51:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=121044"},"modified":"2018-07-22T08:51:27","modified_gmt":"2018-07-22T05:51:27","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%88%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%88%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Abstract<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Human rights education is particularly important in spreading a culture curbing human rights violationsthat has expanded to include various types of rights (civil, economic, social, cultural, environmental \u2026) despite the arsenal of international, regional and national texts guaranteeing those rights and as human rights education is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1984), the United Nations has singled out it by a special decade (1994 \u2013 2005). On the seventieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,it is necessary to reflect on the experiences of the world countries because of their meanings and connotations.Within this framework, this study aims at identifying the specificity of the Tunisian experience in the field of human rights education,through research on its foundations, the difficulties that it faced and it still continue to face, especially since this experiment was marked by a kind of uniqueness. In fact, it has taken the subject of civic education as the locomotive subject for education on human rights. However, it is not the only subject.<\/p>\n

Key words:<\/strong><\/span> education, human rights, education on human rights, civic education.<\/p>\n

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\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>
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\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646:<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 (le sujet). \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 (l\u2019\u00e9cole du sujet) \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (la socialization) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0637\u063a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f (individuer) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 (individualiser) \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648 (Ph. Meirieu).<\/p>\n

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\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a([20])\u201d. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629([21])\u201d. \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Center for Civic Education)\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a (Democratic self Gouvernment) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 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\n\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d 1991 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d 2002.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u06451<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n5. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632:<\/span><\/strong>
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\n\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a:<\/span> \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u062d \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u062a\u0637\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629..([44]).\u201d\u2026\u060c\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648([45]):<\/p>\n

\n\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.
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\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n

*\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

*\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

*\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

*\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

*\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645) \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f) \u061b \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629: \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2006.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631(\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636)\u061b \u201c\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u061f\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 82-83.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f)\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f31\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 2011 \u0645\/ 1432 \u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 (\u0634\u0628\u0644)\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 2009.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 (\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646) \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c 2008.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644)\u061b \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f21\u060c 2012.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0644(\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0639)\u061b \u201c\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2009.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u064a (\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f)\u061b \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 1426\u0647 \/ 2005\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631)\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 56\u060c \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 2011.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a (\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a) \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a : \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0631\u0629 (\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633)\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c 2007.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a)\u061b \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c 2017.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u0646\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646)\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c2008.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0648\u062f\u0629 (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f)\u061b \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c 2006.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645(\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649) \u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629: \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 2006.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 (\u0644\u064a\u0627)\u061b \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u06375\u060c 2009.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f80-2002 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 23 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 2002).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u060c 2003.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a 2006.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 2008.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 (\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645) \u061b \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 29 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f1 (\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u2013\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2000) .<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

Audigier (F) ; L\u2019\u00e9cole et l\u2019\u00e9ducation aux droits de l\u2019Homme : six propositions pour d\u00e9battre et agir, D\u00e9fis \u00e9ducatifs et droits de l\u2019homme\/ Educational Challenges and HumanRights, Juillet 2003
\nBahloul (M) ; L\u2019Ecole et la violence, Sfax, Med Ali Editions, 2005
\nGherissi (A) + Melliti (I) ; d\u00e9velopper les aptitudes \u00e0 la vie quotidienne chez les adolescents et jeunes tunisiens:un investissement d\u2019avenir, Tunis, UNICEF- Minist\u00e8re de la sant\u00e9 2014
\nTouraine (A). Pourrons-nous vivre ensemble \u00e9gaux et diff\u00e9rents, Paris, Fayard, 1997
\nTouraine (A) ; Un nouveau paradigme pour comprendre le monde d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui, Paris, fayard, 2005
\nTouraine (A) ; Le Nouveau si\u00e8cle politique, Paris, Seuil ?, 2016
\n([1])Milaret (G) ; Les sciences de l\u2019\u00e9ducation, que sais-je ? Paris, PUF, 1990, p30.<\/p>\n

([2]) \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u061b\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u2026\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c 2001\u060c \u0635 20.<\/p>\n

([3]) \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u064a\u061b \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 1426\u0647 \/ 2005 \u0645\u060c \u0635 30 .<\/p>\n

([4]) Seck (M) ; \u00ab Education aux Droits de l\u2019Homme : Nouvelles id\u00e9es et horizons \u00bb, Revue Tunisienne des Sciences Sociales, N\u00b0108, Ann\u00e9e 1992, 29\u00e8me ann\u00e9e, p 13.<\/p>\n

([5]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0648\u062f\u0629\u061b \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c 2006\u060c \u0635 2 .<\/p>\n

([6]) \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u061b \u201c\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u061f\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 82-83\u060c \u0635 63.<\/p>\n

([7]) Touraine (A) ; La Fin des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, Youtube, Librairie mallot, ajout\u00e9e le 6 d\u00e9c 2013.<\/p>\n

([8]) \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 63 .<\/p>\n

([9]) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u061b \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u201d\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f59\u060c \u0635 32.<\/p>\n

([10])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 33.<\/p>\n

([11])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 33.<\/p>\n

([12]) \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0622\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u2026 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0647\u0627: \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0622\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641: \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 1992\u060c \u0635 82 .<\/p>\n

([13]) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c 2008.<\/p>\n

([14])Tibbits (F) ; Les nouveaux mod\u00e8les pour l\u2019enseignement des droits de l\u2019homme, d\u00e9mocratie et droit de l\u2019Homme.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f21\/ 2012\u060c \u0635 214<\/p>\n

([15])\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u061b \u201c\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u201d\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f51\u060c \u0635 107<\/p>\n

([16]) Touraine (A) ; Le Nouveau si\u00e8cle politique, Paris, Seuil ?, 2016, p111.<\/p>\n

([17])Ibid, p110-111.<\/p>\n

([18]) Touraine (A). Pourrons-nous vivre ensemble \u00e9gaux et diff\u00e9rents ?, Paris, Fayard, 1997, p458.<\/p>\n

([19]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u061b \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629: \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2006\u060c \u063533-34.<\/p>\n

([20])\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629: \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u06296\u060c 2006\u060c \u063581.<\/p>\n

([21])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063582.<\/p>\n

([22])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063582.<\/p>\n

([23])\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c 2007\u060c \u063517.<\/p>\n

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([25])\u0646\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 qattanfoundation.org\/ar\/<\/p>\n

([26]) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 26 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

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([28])\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 97.<\/p>\n

([29])\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 : \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0644\u061b \u201c\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2009\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (\u0633\u0646\u06292012) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

([30]) \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u201c\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u201d. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u201c\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u201d.<\/p>\n

([31])\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u061b \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u06375\u060c 2009\u060c \u063517.<\/p>\n

([32])\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 7 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1987 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1988 .\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

([33])\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 5 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u201d \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

([34])Audigier (F) ; \u00ab L\u2019\u00e9cole et l\u2019\u00e9ducation aux droits de l\u2019Homme : six propositions pour d\u00e9battre et agir, D\u00e9fis \u00e9ducatifs et droits de l\u2019homme \u00bb\/ Educational Challenges and HumanRights, Juillet 2003, p29.<\/p>\n

([35]) \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635 28.<\/p>\n

([36])\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635 3.<\/p>\n

([37]) \u0634\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 2009\u060c \u063536 .<\/p>\n

([38])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063537.<\/p>\n

([39])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u063536.<\/p>\n

([40])\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635\u0635 12-15.<\/p>\n

([41])\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 2008\u060c \u06354.<\/p>\n

([42])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u06354.<\/p>\n

([43])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u06357.<\/p>\n

([44])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u06353.<\/p>\n

([45])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u06353.<\/p>\n

([46])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u06353.<\/p>\n

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([49])\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641)\u061b \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f3\u060c 2012\u060c \u06358.<\/p>\n

([50])\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u2026\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 5.<\/p>\n

([51])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u06356.<\/p>\n

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([53])\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635 52.<\/p>\n

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