{"id":118632,"date":"2018-05-23T01:48:12","date_gmt":"2018-05-22T22:48:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=118632"},"modified":"2018-05-23T01:48:12","modified_gmt":"2018-05-22T22:48:12","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a4%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a4%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%b7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

The Desirable Shift in Professional Liability Regime:<\/span><\/p>\n

The need For a Uniform Rules Governing Liability<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/span><\/span>
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\n\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646([21]).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 G.VINEY \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 P.JOURDAIN \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a([25]) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a([26])\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0622\u0645\u0631\u0629([27]).<\/p>\n

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\n2- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 :<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u00ab \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u00bb([51])\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647([52])\u060c \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u00ab \u0644\u0625\u0642\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u062c\u062b\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u00bb([53]).<\/p>\n

\n\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c<\/span> \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629-garantie des vices cach\u00e9s- \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u060c \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644-inaptitude \u00e0 l\u2019usage- \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a-crit\u00e8re fonctionnel-\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629-d\u00e9faut de s\u00e9curit\u00e9-\u060c \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 -cocontractant-([54]).<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646-sous-contractants- \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f-principe de relativit\u00e9 des contrat- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 1165 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a([55])\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644:<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627([56])\u060c \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631-action directe en garantie \u2013 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647([57])\u060c \u0648 \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0651\u0650\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629-contrats homog\u00e8nes- \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b([58])\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629-contrats h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes-([59])\u060c \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629-ou groupe de contrats ensemble contractuel-([60]).<\/p>\n

\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u00abWarranty\u00bb([61])\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b -source autonome- \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u060c \u0648 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0641 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631([62]).<\/p>\n

\n\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u060c<\/strong> <\/span>\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 -strict liability-\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0625 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f-Privity of contracts- ([63]).<\/p>\n

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\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/span><\/strong>
\n-\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

– \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n

– \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 140 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 (\u062a.\u0625 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 )\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 .<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 1994.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 9.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 2007\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 1986.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 2007.<\/p>\n

-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n

Andr\u00e9 TUNC, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol. XI, Torts, chap.1, introduction, n\u00b044.<\/p>\n

Denis TALLON, L\u2019inex\u00e9cution du contrat : pour une autre pr\u00e9sentation, RTD.Civ, 1994.<\/p>\n

Eric SAVAUX, La fin de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle ?, RTD.Civ, 1-1999, n\u00b010.<\/p>\n

Florence TARTANSON, Les risques de d\u00e9veloppement dans la responsabilit\u00e9 des fabricants : \u00e9tude comparative, M\u00e9moire Maitrise, institue droit compar\u00e9, MC Gill, Montr\u00e9al, 1990.<\/p>\n

Fran\u00e7ois TERRE, Philippe SIMLER et Yves LEQUETTE, Droit civil : les obligations, 6\u00e8me \u00e9d., Dalloz.<\/p>\n

Fran\u00e7oise ALT-MAES, L\u2019information m\u00e9dicale au c\u0153ur de la distinction entre responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle et responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle, R.D.S.S, 1994.<\/p>\n

Ga\u00ebl COFFINET-FRETIGNY, L\u2019indemnisation des dommages caus\u00e9s par une chose en mati\u00e8re contractuelle, th\u00e8se Doctorat, universit\u00e9 Reims, 2008.<\/span><\/p>\n

Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY, Pour une loi organisant l\u2019indemnisation des victimes d\u2019accident m\u00e9dicaux, M\u00e9d. & dr. \u00e9ditorial, Elsevier, 1997-24.<\/span><\/p>\n

Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY, Trait\u00e9 droit civil, introduction \u00e0 la responsabilit\u00e9 (sous direct. J.GHESTIN), 2\u00e8me \u00e9d., L.G.D.J., 1995.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jacques FLOUR, Jean Luc AUBERT et Eric SAVAUX, Les obligations, Le fait juridique, 8\u00e8me \u00e9d. Armand Colin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jean CALAIS-AULOY, L\u2019influence du droit de la consommation sur le droit civil des contrats, RTD.Com, 1994.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jean CALAIS-AULOY, L\u2019influence du droit de la consommation sur le droit civil des contrats, RTD.com, 1994.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jean PIERRE SCARANO, Dictionnaire des obligations, \u00e9d. Ellipses, 1999.<\/span><\/p>\n

Laurent BETEILLE et Alain ANZIANI, Responsabilit\u00e9 civile : des \u00e9volutions n\u00e9cessaires, Dalloz, chron., 2009.<\/span><\/p>\n

Laurent LEVENEUR, Le for\u00e7age du contrat, Revue Droit et Patrimoine, n\u00b058, 1998.<\/span><\/p>\n

Marianne FAURE ABBAD, Le fait g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle : contribution \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie de l\u2019inex\u00e9cution du contrat (sous direct. Ph. REMY), th\u00e8se Doctorat, L.G.D.J, Paris, 2003.<\/span><\/p>\n

Noureddine TERKI, Les Obligations : responsabilit\u00e9 civile et r\u00e9gime g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, O.P.U, 1982.<\/span><\/p>\n

Patrice JOURDAIN, Le changement de nature de la responsabilit\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale ?, RTD.Civ, 1-2011.<\/span><\/p>\n

Patrice JOURDAIN, Les principes de la responsabilit\u00e9 civile, 5\u00e8me \u00e9d., Dalloz, 2000.<\/span><\/p>\n

Philippe LETOURNEAU, Responsabilit\u00e9 civile en g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, R\u00e9p.civ.Dalloz sept. 2001, n\u00b029.<\/span><\/p>\n

Philippe MALAURIE, Laurent AYNES et Philippe STOFFEL-MUNCK, Les obligations, \u00e9d. Defr\u00e9nois, 2003, n\u00b0301.<\/span><\/p>\n

Philippe REMY, La Responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle : histoire d\u2019un faux concept, RTD.Civ, 1997.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pierre WESSNER, La distinction de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle et de la responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle, Travaux du \u00ab GRERCA \u00bb, travaux de s\u00e9minaire du 27-28 nov. 2009.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e9r\u00e8se ROUSSEAU-HOULE, Les lendemains de l\u2019arr\u00eat Kravitz: la responsabilit\u00e9 du fabricant dans une perspective de r\u00e9forme, Les Cahiers de Droit, 5, 1980-21.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yves-Marie LAITHIER, Etude comparative des sanctions de l\u2019inex\u00e9cution du contrat, LGDJ, 2004.<\/span><\/p>\n

([1]) Laurent BETEILLE et Alain ANZIANI, Responsabilit\u00e9 civile : des \u00e9volutions n\u00e9cessaires, Dalloz, chron., 2009 p. 2328.<\/span><\/p>\n

([2]) Ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n

([3]) http:\/\/civil.udg.edu\/php\/biblioteca\/items\/288\/PETLFrench.pdf.<\/span><\/p>\n

([4]) \u00ab Toutefois, lorsque cette inex\u00e9cution provoque un dommage corporel, le cocontractant peut, pour obtenir r\u00e9paration de ce dommage, opter en faveur des r\u00e8gles qui lui sont plus favorables \u00bb,<\/span><\/p>\n

1 \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 (\u062a.\u0625 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 )\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c \u0635.37.<\/span><\/p>\n

([6]) \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.28.<\/span><\/p>\n

([7]) Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY, Trait\u00e9 droit civil, introduction \u00e0 la responsabilit\u00e9 (sous direct. J.GHESTIN), 2\u00e8me \u00e9d., L.G.D.J., 1995, n\u00b0234, pp.426-427.<\/span><\/p>\n

([8]) Andr\u00e9 TUNC, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol. XI, Torts, chap.1, introduction, n\u00b044, p.25.<\/span><\/p>\n

([9]) Jean CALAIS-AULOY, L\u2019influence du droit de la consommation sur le droit civil des contrats, RTD.Com, 1994, p.243.<\/span><\/p>\n

([10]) Eric SAVAUX, La fin de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle ?, RTD.Civ, 1-1999, n\u00b010, p.7.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u06294 \u0648 5.([11])<\/span><\/p>\n

([12]) Philippe REMY, La Responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle : histoire d\u2019un faux concept, RTD.Civ, 1997, p.327.<\/span><\/p>\n

([13]) Philippe REMY, ibidem.<\/span><\/p>\n

([14]) \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 SALEILLES \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 JOSSERAND.<\/span><\/p>\n

([15]) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646. SAINCTELETTE \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n

([16]) \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 TEFFEINE : Cass.civ. 16 juin 1896, D.P<\/span><\/p>\n

1897.1.433, note SALEILLES.<\/span><\/p>\n

([17]) Cass.civ, 21 nov. 1911, D.P 1913. 1.249, note SARRUT.<\/span><\/p>\n

([18]) \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f.\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 125\u060c \u0635.244-245.<\/span><\/p>\n

([19]) \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062fdu contrat For\u00e7age \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 JOSSERAND \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1933 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 Le contrat dirig\u00e9 \u201d \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: Laurent LEVENEUR, Le for\u00e7age du contrat, Revue Droit et Patrimoine, n\u00b058, 1998, p.69<\/span><\/p>\n

([20]) Philippe REMY, La Responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle : histoire d\u2019un faux concept, RTD.Civ, 1997, p.330.<\/span><\/p>\n

([21]) \u0641\u0642\u0636\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u00ab \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u00bb\u060c Cass.civ 1\u00e8re, 11 juin 1991, Bull.civ. I. n\u00b0201, Cass.civ 1\u00e8re, 15 oct. 1996, Bull.civ. I. n\u00b0354. , voir : Laurent LEVENEUR, art. Pr\u00e9c., p.72.<\/span><\/p>\n

([22]) Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY et Patrice JOURDAIN, Trait\u00e9 de droit civil, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, n\u00b0493, p.389.<\/span><\/p>\n

([23]) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 J.CALAIS-AULOY \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a accord collectif \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 : Jean CALAIS-AULOY, L\u2019influence du droit de la consommation sur le droit civil des contrats, RTD.com, 1994, pp.243-245.<\/span><\/p>\n

([24]) Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY et Patrice JOURDAIN, Trait\u00e9 de droit civil, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, n\u00b0494, p.390.<\/span><\/p>\n

([25]) \u0641\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 1986\u060c \u0635.277.<\/span><\/p>\n

([26]) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u201d \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 1986\u060c \u0635.\u0635.277-278.<\/span><\/p>\n

([27]) Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY et Patrice JOURDAIN, Trait\u00e9 de droit civil, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, n\u00b0491, p.387.<\/span><\/p>\n

([28]) Eric SAVAUX, La fin de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle ?, RTD.Civ, 1-1999, n\u00b012, pp.8-9.<\/span><\/p>\n

([29]) Philippe REMY, La Responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle : histoire d\u2019un faux concept, art. Pr\u00e9c, p.340.<\/span><\/p>\n

([30]) Yves-Marie LAITHIER, Etude comparative des sanctions de l\u2019inex\u00e9cution du contrat, LGDJ, 2004, n\u00b090, p.128.<\/span><\/p>\n

([31]) Marianne FAURE ABBAD, Le fait g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle : contribution \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie de l\u2019inex\u00e9cution du contrat (sous direct. Ph. REMY), th\u00e8se Doctorat, L.G.D.J, Paris, 2003, p.493.<\/span><\/p>\n

([32]) Denis TALLON, L\u2019inex\u00e9cution du contrat : pour une autre pr\u00e9sentation, RTD.Civ, 1994, p.226.<\/span><\/p>\n

([33]) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 Andr\u00e9 TUNC \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY.<\/span><\/p>\n

([34]) \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u00ab Torts\u00bb \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u00abBreach of contract \u00bb \u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab Contractual remedies \u00bb\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span><\/p>\n

Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY, op.cit, n\u00b0232, p.423<\/span><\/p>\n

([35]) Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY, Trait\u00e9 droit civil, introduction \u00e0 la responsabilit\u00e9, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, n\u00b0232, p.425.<\/span><\/p>\n

([36]) Andr\u00e9 TUNC, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol. XI, Torts, chap.1, introduction, n\u00b033, p.19.<\/span><\/p>\n

([37]) Noureddine TERKI, Les Obligations : responsabilit\u00e9 civile et r\u00e9gime g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, O.P.U, 1982, n\u00b030, p.30.<\/span><\/p>\n

([38]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 2007\u060c \u0635.377-379.<\/span><\/p>\n

([39]) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.403.<\/span><\/p>\n

([40]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.403.<\/span><\/p>\n

([41]) Yves-Marie LAITHIER, Etude comparative des sanctions de l\u2019inex\u00e9cution du contrat, LGDJ, 2004, n\u00b090, p.128.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.\u0635.88-89. ([42])<\/span><\/p>\n

([43]) Marianne FAURE ABBAD, Le fait g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9e, p.493.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.96. ([44])<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 178 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 2 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a.([45])<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 1994\u060c \u0635.235.([46])<\/span><\/p>\n

([47]) \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.265.<\/span><\/p>\n

([48]) \u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 217 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

([49]) \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 126 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

([50]) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 3 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 7 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 09-03 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

([51]) \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 113 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 1165 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

([52]) Noureddine TERKI, Les Obligations : responsabilit\u00e9 civile et r\u00e9gime g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, n\u00b030, p.30.<\/span><\/p>\n

([53]) \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f Jean CARBONNIER \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628 \u00ab contractualisation de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00bb\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.403\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.145<\/span><\/p>\n

([54]) Florence TARTANSON, Les risques de d\u00e9veloppement dans la responsabilit\u00e9 des fabricants : \u00e9tude comparative, M\u00e9moire Maitrise, institue droit compar\u00e9, MC Gill, Montr\u00e9al, 1990, p.48.<\/span><\/p>\n

([55]) Florence TARTANSON, Les risques de d\u00e9veloppement dans la responsabilit\u00e9 des fabricants, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9e, p.48.<\/span><\/p>\n

([56]) Cass.com. 27 avril 1971, JCP, 1972, II. 17280, 1\u00e8re esp\u00e8ce, note BOITARD et RABUT.<\/span><\/p>\n

([57]) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u00abConsid\u00e9rant que l\u2019action directe \u00e9t\u00e9 accessoire \u00e0 la chose transmise \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

([58]) Cass.civ. 1\u00e8re, 9 oct. 1979, Bull.civ, I, n\u00b0241.<\/span><\/p>\n

([59]) \u0643\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a:Ass.Pl\u00e9n. 7 f\u00e9v. 1986, D, 1986, juris. 293.<\/span><\/p>\n

([60]) Florence TARTANSON, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, p.48.<\/span><\/p>\n

([61]) \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u00ab warranty of merchantability \u00bb \u0648 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628 \u00ab warranty of fitness for a particular purpose \u00bb, voir : Th\u00e9r\u00e8se ROUSSEAU-HOULE, Les lendemains de l\u2019arr\u00eat Kravitz: la responsabilit\u00e9 du fabricant dans une perspective de r\u00e9forme, Les Cahiers de Droit, 5, 1980-21, p.21,<\/span><\/p>\n

([62]) Th\u00e9r\u00e8se ROUSSEAU-HOULE, Les lendemains de l\u2019arr\u00eat Kravitz:, art. Pr\u00e9c, p.21.<\/span><\/p>\n

([63]) Th\u00e9r\u00e8se ROUSSEAU-HOULE, Les lendemains de l\u2019arr\u00eat Kravitz, art. Pr\u00e9c, p.22.<\/span><\/p>\n

([64]) \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629: Peterson V. Yanib Rubber, 353 P. (2d) 575(1960) \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627:<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e9r\u00e8se ROUSSEAU-HOULE, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, p.16.<\/span><\/p>\n

([65]) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 : Henningsen V. Bloomfield and Chrysler, 32 N.J. 358, 161 (2d) 69 (1960) \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629: Greenman V. Yuka Power Prod. Inc., 59 Cal Rptr 697 (1963) –<\/span><\/p>\n

([66]) Th\u00e9r\u00e8se ROUSSEAU-HOULE, Les lendemains de l\u2019arr\u00eat Kravitz, art. Pr\u00e9c, p.22.<\/span><\/p>\n

([67]) Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY, Trait\u00e9 droit civil, introduction \u00e0 la responsabilit\u00e9, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, n\u00b0243, p.445.<\/span><\/p>\n

([68]) Andr\u00e9 TUNC, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol. XI, Torts, chap.1, introduction, n\u00b044, pp.25-26.<\/span><\/p>\n

([69]) Pierre WESSNER, La distinction de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle et de la responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle, Travaux du \u00ab GRERCA \u00bb, travaux de s\u00e9minaire du 27-28 nov. 2009, pp.8-9. Voir :<\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/grerca.univ-rennes1.fr\/theme\/travaux<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 2007\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635.128. ([70])<\/span><\/p>\n

([71]) Fran\u00e7oise ALT-MAES, L\u2019information m\u00e9dicale au c\u0153ur de la distinction entre responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle et responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle, R.D.S.S, 1994, p.389.<\/span><\/p>\n

([72]) Cass.civ 1\u00e8re, 14 oct. 2010, n\u00b009-69.195, D. 2010. 2682, obs. I.GALLMEISTER, note P.SARGOS.<\/span><\/p>\n

([73]) \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629: Cass.civ 1\u00e8re, 28 janv. 2010, n\u00b009-10.992, D. 2010. 1552, note P.SARGOS.<\/span><\/p>\n

([74]) Patrice JOURDAIN, Le changement de nature de la responsabilit\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale ?, RTD.Civ, 1-2011, pp.128-131.<\/span><\/p>\n

([75]) Arr\u00eat Mercier, Cass. Civ. 1, 20 mai 1936. D.1936, 1, p.88, conclu. MATTER, rapp. JOSSSERAND<\/span><\/p>\n

([76]) Patrice JOURDAIN, Le changement de nature de la responsabilit\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale, art. Pr\u00e9c., p.129.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.407.([77])<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.404.([78])<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.405.([79])<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0642\u0645 399828\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c 2008\u060c \u0635.\u0635.175-178.([80])<\/span><\/p>\n

([81]) Marianne FAURE ABBAD, Le fait g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle : contribution \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie de l\u2019inex\u00e9cution du contrat (sous direct. Ph. REMY), th\u00e8se Doctorat, L.G.D.J, Paris, 2003.<\/span><\/p>\n

([82]) \u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628 \u00ab \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 pseudo-obligations contractuelles \u00bb \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a -\u00e0 but indemnitaire-\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627: Marianne FAURE ABBAD, th\u00e8se. Pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, p.494.<\/span><\/p>\n

([83]) Marianne FAURE ABBAD, ibidem.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 2007\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635.\u0635.132-133. ([84])<\/span><\/p>\n

([85]) \u00ab \u2026est que le l\u00e9gislateur, qui peut tout faire, nous fabrique des \u2013responsabilit\u00e9s l\u00e9gales- qu\u2019il ne faudrait pas chercher \u00e0 faire rentrer \u00e0 tous prix dans les deux cat\u00e9gories contractuelle ou d\u00e9lictuelle \u2026pour respecter une simple classification abstraite et th\u00e9orique, pour consacrer des r\u00e9gimes de responsabilit\u00e9 uniforme \u00bb, voir : Eric SAVAUX, La fin de la responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle ?, RTD.Civ, 1-1999, n\u00b021, pp.13-14.<\/span><\/p>\n

([86]) Andr\u00e9 TUNC, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol. XI, Torts, chap.1, introduction, n\u00b044 et 46, pp.25-28.<\/span><\/p>\n

([87]) Patrice JOURDAIN, Les principes de la responsabilit\u00e9 civile, 5\u00e8me \u00e9d., Dalloz, 2000, p.43<\/span><\/p>\n

([88]) Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY, Trait\u00e9 droit civil, introduction \u00e0 la responsabilit\u00e9, pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, n\u00b0244, p.449.<\/span><\/p>\n

([89]) Genevi\u00e8ve VINEY, Pour une loi organisant l\u2019indemnisation des victimes d\u2019accident m\u00e9dicaux, M\u00e9d. & dr. \u00e9ditorial, Elsevier, 1997-24 :1, p.1.<\/span><\/p>\n

([90]) \u0641\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0651\u064d\u0631\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 European Group on Tort Law \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 GRERCA \u0648 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a Von Barr\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629: http:\/\/civil.udg.edu\/php\/biblioteca\/items\/288\/PETLFrench.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n

([91]) \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a CATALA \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 1341 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647: \u00abToutefois, lorsque cette inex\u00e9cution provoque un dommage corporel, le cocontractant peut, pour obtenir r\u00e9paration de ce dommage, opter en faveur des r\u00e8gles qui lui sont plus favorables \u00bb, voir : V\u00e9ronique WESTER-OUISSE, Responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle et contractuelle : fusion des r\u00e9gimes \u00e0 l\u2019heure internationale, RTD.Civ, 2010, n\u00b028, p.428.<\/span><\/p>\n

([92]) Relative au rapprochement des dispositions l\u00e9gislatives, r\u00e9glementaires et administratives des \u00e9tats membres en mati\u00e8re de responsabilit\u00e9 du fait des produits d\u00e9fectueux, JOCE, n\u00b0 L 210, 7 aout 1985.<\/span><\/p>\n

([93]) Philippe LETOURNEAU, Responsabilit\u00e9 civile en g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, R\u00e9p.civ.Dalloz sept. 2001, n\u00b029.<\/span><\/p>\n

([94]) \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 2007\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635.134.<\/span><\/p>\n

([95]) \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 9\u060c \u0635.11.<\/span><\/p>\n

([96]) Philippe MALAURIE, Laurent AYNES et Philippe STOFFEL-MUNCK, Les obligations, \u00e9d. Defr\u00e9nois, 2003, n\u00b0301, p.158.<\/span><\/p>\n

([97]) Fran\u00e7ois TERRE, Philippe SIMLER et Yves LEQUETTE, Droit civil : les obligations, 6\u00e8me \u00e9d., Dalloz, n\u00b0987.<\/span><\/p>\n

([98]) Jacques FLOUR, Jean Luc AUBERT et Eric SAVAUX, Les obligations, Le fait juridique, 8\u00e8me \u00e9d. Armand Colin, n\u00b0298, p.279.<\/span><\/p>\n

([99]) \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u00ab \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635de son propre genre -de son esp\u00e8ce \u00bb\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0638\u0651\u064b\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642\u0629 h\u00f4tellerie \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 ( \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a ) \u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 :Dictionnaire des obligations, \u00e9d. Ellipses, 1999, p.271. Jean PIERRE SCARANO,<\/span><\/p>\n

([100]) Ga\u00ebl COFFINET-FRETIGNY, L\u2019indemnisation des dommages caus\u00e9s par une chose en mati\u00e8re contractuelle, th\u00e8se Doctorat, universit\u00e9 Reims, 2008, n\u00b0297-298, p.158.<\/span><\/p>\n

([101]) Fran\u00e7ois TERRE, Philippe SIMLER et Yves LEQUETTE, Droit civil : les obligations, 6\u00e8me \u00e9d., Dalloz, n\u00b0945, p.765.<\/span><\/p>\n

([102]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.402.<\/span><\/p>\n

([103]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.404.<\/span><\/p>\n

([104]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635.404.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fran\u00e7oise ALT-MAES, L\u2019information m\u00e9dicale au c\u0153ur de la distinction entre responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle et responsabilit\u00e9 contractuelle, R.D.S.S, 1994, p.390-391.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u062a<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 The Desirable Shift in Professional Liability Regime: The need For a Uniform Rules Governing Liability \u062f. \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":118633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[1899,407,416,471,12928,85,12952],"class_list":["post-118632","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","tag-1899","tag-407","tag-416","tag-471","tag-12928","tag-85","tag-12952"],"views":1611,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118632","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118632"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118632\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":118634,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118632\/revisions\/118634"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/118633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118632"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=118632"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=118632"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}