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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c (\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sarie\u0640Eidin H.\u060c Consortia Agreements in the International indystry with special Reference to Egypt Kluwer law international (1996); p.152.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5- \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062b\u0631 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Mohamoon. Com\/Montada\/ Messagedetails. 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Aspects of Builbing coneracts: A Comparative View of English and French law in the light of Harnonisation\u060c bh. D Thesis\u060c Unidersity of London (1994) p.57.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646: \u062f. \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631 (2 \u06403 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1993). \u0647\u06403\u060c \u063511 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631: \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0642\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f&#8230;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635236\u061b \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f: \u062f. \u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06373\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1998\u060c \u063528.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">16- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c (1996)\u060c \u063543.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">17- \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0642\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f&#8230;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635271\u061b \u062f. \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a&#8230;\u060c \u0635108\u061b \u062f. \u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1998 \u2013 1999\u060c \u063568\u064069.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">18- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635369\u061b \u062f. \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u06372\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631 (2000)\u060c \u063574\u061b \u062f. \u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063567\u061b\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u2013 (\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u06372\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1995\u060c \u063567.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">19- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c (\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f). \u06372\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1993\u060c \u063588\u061b \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a&#8230;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635106\u061b \u062f. \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f11\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c(1996)\u060c \u0635169\u061b \u062f. \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062f. \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a =\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 (2000)\u060c \u063590\u061b\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063582.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">20- \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0646\u062f 133\u060c \u0635267\u061b \u062f. \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1958\u060c \u0635135\u061b \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u06372\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1992\u060c \u063515\u064016\u061b \u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 1996\u060c \u0635139\u061b\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063549.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">21- Christian Larroumet Drot cidil Tome III. Economica. (1990); p.264. et s.; J. GHestin. Traite De Droit civil. Le contrat. Formation L J D J. (1988). P.269 et nouvelle edition (1993).p 242.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">22- Owsia p formation of contract: A comparapiv study under English\u060c French\u060c Jslamic and Iranian law (1994) p.320; J Delaume\u060c Transnational contracts oceana\u060c Booklet\u060c 5. p28.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">23- N. Fontaine; les contracts\u060c internationaux a long. Terme in Etudes offent a Roger Honin\u060c Balloz\u0640 Sirey paris\u060c (1985)\u060c p 225.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646: \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063574.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">24- \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647: &#8220;\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0643\u062b \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647&#8221;. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Williston on contracts (3d Ed\u060c 1957; p18).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646: \u062f. \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635115.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">25- \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c 2003\u060c \u0635108\u061b \u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635136\u061b \u062f. \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u06372\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 1988\u060c \u063539.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">-Common law: pennaigtion\u060c letters of intent 3 IntItrade and practice (1977); p 517.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646: \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063576\u061b \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063519\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063563\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0642\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f&#8230;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635273\u061b \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063584.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">26- William Fox\u060c International commercial Agreement. Op; cit p. 97.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646: \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063577\u061b \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">R. P lake&amp; U. Draetta\u060c op; cit\u060c p. 175.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 : \u062f. \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063584.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">27- \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f .\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a (1980)\u060c \u063542\u061b \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 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AII ER; 453.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">30- \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a \u060c(1) \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c (1981)\u060c \u0635233.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">31- \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647&#8221; \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (1\/4)\u060c (1983)\u060c \u063542.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u062a .<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0640 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0640 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":113785,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[2151,418,2047,1900,1984],"class_list":["post-113783","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-39","tag-2151","tag-418","tag-2047","tag-1900","tag-1984"],"views":1109,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/113783","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=113783"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/113783\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/113785"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=113783"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=113783"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=113783"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}