{"id":113268,"date":"2018-02-07T00:17:35","date_gmt":"2018-02-06T21:17:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=113268"},"modified":"2018-02-07T00:17:35","modified_gmt":"2018-02-06T21:17:35","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%88%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%88%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u201cThe reform of the French Law of Obligations: les jeux sont faits.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Smits, Jan, and Caroline Calomme [1]<\/span><\/p>\n

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[1] *Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law* 23.6 (2016): 1040-1050.<\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1023263X1602300607?journalCode=maaa<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 (Code) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] J.M. Smits, Contract Law: AComparative Introduction (Cheltenham, 2014)<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]E.M. Meijers, \u2018La r\u00e9forme du Code Civil N\u00e9erlandais\u2019, in E.M. Meijers, VerzameldePrivaatrechtelijkeOpstellendeel 1 (UniversitairePers Leiden, 1954), p. 161.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]Article 26 of Law 2014\u2013873 of 4 August 2014 on real equality between women and men (Loi No 2014\u2013 873 (4 August 2014) pour l\u2019egalitereelle entre les femmes et les hommes).<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]See on the reform e.g., G. Chantepie and M. Latina (eds.), La reforme du droit des obligations (Dalloz, 2016); H. Barbier, \u2018Les grandsmouvements du droit commun des contratsapresl\u2019ordonnance du 10 F\u00e9vrier 2016\u2019, Revue trimestrielle de droit civil (2016), p. 247; B. Fauvarque-Cosson, \u2018Towards an important reform of the French Civil Code\u2019, Montesquieu Law Review (2015), p. 67.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]Part 3 was published in 2003 see, O. Lando et al. (eds.), Principles of European Contract Law Part III (Kluwer, 2003).<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]This project resulted in the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), C. Von Bar et al. (eds.), Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (Sellier, 2009).<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]World Bank, \u2018Doing Business in 2004: Understanding regulations\u2019, www.doingbusiness.org\/~\/media\/WBG\/DoingBusiness\/Documents\/Annual-Reports\/English\/DB04-FullReport.pdf. In the most recent edition of 2016, France is ranked 27th.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]Report to the President of the Republic on regulation nr 2016\u2013131 (Rapport au President de la Republiquerelatif a l\u2019ordonnance no 2016\u2013131), JUSC1522466P, Journal Officiel, 11 February 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]P. Catala, Avant-projet de reforme du droit des obligations et de la prescription (La Documentation fran\u00e7aise, 2006).<\/span><\/p>\n

[14]F. Terr\u00e9, Pour unereforme du droit des contrats (Dalloz, 2009).<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]See on its genesis for example, D. Mazeaud, \u2018La r\u00e9forme du droit fran\u00e7ais des contrats\u2019, Revue JuridiqueThemis (2010), p. 243.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]\u062a\u0642\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 38 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645).<\/span><\/p>\n

[17]Act no. 2015\u2013177 of 16 February 2015 on the modernisation and the simplification of law and procedures in the fields of justice and domestic affairs (Loi no. 2015\u2013177 du 16 fevrier 2015 relative a la modernisation et a la simplification du droit et des procedures dans les domaines de la justice et des affairesinterieures), JUSX1326670L. Article 8 of this loid\u2019habilitation gave the French government the mandate to modernize and simplify its contract law, the law of obligations and the law of evidence in Book III of the Civil Code (Code Civil), to make it more readable and accessible and to guarantee legal certainty and efficacy.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]Available through the website of the Ministry of Justice (Ministere de la Justice), www.justice.gouv.fr\/modernisation-de-la-justice-du-21e-siecle-12563\/la-reforme-du-droit-des-contrats-27898.html.<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]French Ordinance on the law of contract, the general regime of obligations, and proof of obligations (Ordonnance no. 2016\u2013131 du 10 fevrier 2016 portantreforme du droit des contrats, du regime general et de la preuve des obligations), JUSC1522466R, available through www.legifrance.gouv.fr. An English translation can be found at www.textes.justice.gouv.fr\/dossiers-thematiques-10083\/loi-du-170215-surla-simplification-du-droit-12766\/traduction-de-lordonnance-du-10-fevrier-2016-en-langue-anglaise-28998.html. This translation was used when quoting the new provisions.<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]Bill to ratify regulation Nr 2016\u2013131 of 10 February 2016 on the reform of contract law, the general regime of and evidence of obligations (Projet de loiratifi ant l\u2019ordonnance No 2016\u2013131 du 10 fevrier 2016 portantreforme du droit des contrats, du regime general et de la preuve des obligations), JUSC1612295L (6 July 2016).<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]Recent developments can be followed at the blog Reforme du droit des obligations, http:\/\/reformeobligations.dalloz.fr.<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]See French Ministry of Justice, www.justice.gouv.fr\/le-garde-des-sceaux-10016\/consultation-publiquesur-la-reforme-de-la-responsabilite-civile-28940.html.<\/span><\/p>\n

[23]An overview of the new provisions and the new numbering of the Civil Code can be downloaded as a supplement to the Dalloz Code Civil 2016: www.editions-dalloz.fr\/livre-blanc-reforme-du-droitdes-obligations. The explanatory memorandum referred to below is the \u2018Rapport au Pr\u00e9sident\u2019 of 11 February 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n

[24]\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (common law) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/span><\/p>\n

[25]See further, J.M. Smits, Contract Law: A Comparative Introduction, p. 77 et seq.<\/span><\/p>\n

[26]Council Directive 93\/13\/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, [1993] OJ L 95\/29.<\/span><\/p>\n

[27]Article L 442\u20136-I of the French Code of Commerce (Code de Commerce).<\/span><\/p>\n

[28]Cass. Civ. 6 March 1876, D. 1876.I.93 (Canal de Craponne).<\/span><\/p>\n

[29]See F. Auque, \u2018L\u2019Ordonnancer\u00e9formant le droit des obligations: les nouveaux articles 1171 et 1195 du code civil\u2019, ActualiteJuridique Droit Immobilier (2016), p. 184.<\/span><\/p>\n

[30]Cass. Civ. 11 May 2005, RTD Civ. 2005, 596 (Belhadji\/Les Batisseurs du Grand Delta).<\/span><\/p>\n

[31]See, J.M. Smits, Contract Law: A Comparative Introduction, p. 59 et seq.<\/span><\/p>\n

[32]On which C. Grimaldi, \u2018Quandune obligation d\u2019informationen cache uneautre: inqui\u00e9tudes a l\u2019horizon\u2019, RecueilDalloz (2016), p. 1009.<\/span><\/p>\n

[33]Th e term \u2018remedes\u2019 is not used in the new regulation because it would too much resemble the common law terminology, see M. Mekki, \u2018L\u2019ordonnance no 2016\u2013131 (\u2026). Le volet droit des contrats: l\u2019art de refaire sans d\u00e9faire\u2019, RecueilDalloz (2016), p. 494.<\/span><\/p>\n

[34]\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/span><\/p>\n

[35]Cass. 15 June 1892 (Boudier\/Patureau-Mirand), D.P. 1892.1.596.<\/span><\/p>\n

[36]Cass. 15 April 1872 (VeuveFoucauld et Coulombe\/Pringault), DP 72.1.176.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 (\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629)(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 )<\/span><\/p>\n

[37] \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/span><\/p>\n

[38]N. Rontchevsky, \u2018Les objectifs de la r\u00e9forme: accessibilit\u00e9 et attractivit\u00e9 du droit fran\u00e7ais des contrats\u2019,ActualitejuridiqueContratsd\u2019affaires,Concurrence, Distribution(2016), p.112.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u201d \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u201d jurist enrecht\u201d \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u0648-\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631.(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/span><\/p>\n

[39] \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u201cbienetonnes de se trouver ensemble\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642<\/span><\/p>\n

[40]The famous ex Article 1134 of the (old) Civil Code no longer exists. The equally famous ex Article 1382 of the (old) Civil Code on tort liability was renumbered and is now Article 1240 of the Civil Code.<\/span><\/p>\n

[41]On these principles, M. Mekki, RecueilDalloz(2016), p. 494.<\/span><\/p>\n

[42]Ibid., p. 494.<\/span><\/p>\n

[43]On which R. Susskind, Th e Future of Law (Oxford University Press, 1998).<\/span><\/p>\n

[44]N. Rontchevsky, ActualitejuridiqueContratsd\u2019affaires, Concurrence, Distribution (2016), p. 14\u201315, 18.<\/span><\/p>\n

[45]See further, A. B\u00e9nabent and L. Aynes, \u2018R\u00e9forme du droit des contrats et des obligations: apercu general\u2019, RecueilDalloz(2016), p. 434.<\/span><\/p>\n

[46]\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/span><\/p>\n

[47]AlgemenebeleidsnotaJustitie 10 November 2015, Doc. KamervanVolksvertegenwoordigers, 54, 1428(2015\/2016), www.dekamer.be\/FLWB\/PDF\/54\/1428\/54K1428008.pdf, 44.<\/span><\/p>\n

[48]E. Dirix and P. W\u00e9ry, \u2018Pour unemodernisation du Code Civil\u2019, Journal des Tribunaux (2015), p. 625. Seealso F. Peeraer and I. Samoy, \u2018Th e Belgian Civil Code: How to Restore its Central Position in ModernPrivate Law?\u2019, 24 European Review of Private Law (2016), p. 601; S. Stijns and S. Jansen, Th e FrenchContract Law Reform: Source of Inspiration? (Intersentia, 2016).<\/span><\/p>\n

[49]E.M. Meijers, \u2018Wijzigingenenaanvullingen van het BurgerlijkWetboekna 1838\u2019, in P. Scholten andE.M. Meijers (eds.), GedenkboekBurgerlijkWetboek 1838\u20131938 (TjeenkWillink, 1938), p. 63.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u062a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064c\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u062a\u0633 \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623.\u062f \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646\/ \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u201cThe reform of the French Law of Obligations: les jeux sont faits.\u201d Smits, Jan, and Caroline Calomme [1] \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0645 2016 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":113269,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[3012,2337,31,510,555],"class_list":["post-113268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","tag-3012","tag-2337","tag-31","tag-510","tag-555"],"views":3101,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/113268","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=113268"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/113268\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/113269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=113268"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=113268"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=113268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}