{"id":112048,"date":"2018-01-26T20:37:34","date_gmt":"2018-01-26T17:37:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=112048"},"modified":"2018-01-27T15:47:58","modified_gmt":"2018-01-27T12:47:58","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b6%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b6%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u00ab \u0631. \u062c. \u062f\u064a\u0640\u0628\u0640\u0648\u064a \u2013 Ren\u00e9-Jean DUPUY \u00bb \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647[4].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u00ab \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0644 Gilbert GIDEL \u00bb[5] \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646” [6]\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a” [7].\u060c<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627[8] ” \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 “\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a[9] \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 ” \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 ” \u0648\u0623\u0646 ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642” [10].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0640\u062f \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab \u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644 Eric BRUEL \u00bb[11] \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0640\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u00ab \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 Margaret M. Whiteman \u00bb[12]. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u00ab \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0646 Rollin JAEQUEMYNS \u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1919 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u062d\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646[13].<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u00ab \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0647 Louis CAVARE \u00bb \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629[14].<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

-1 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642[15].<\/span><\/p>\n

-2 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

-3 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

-4 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647[16].<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0646 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 “\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0634”<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0641. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0640\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0640\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u00ab \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0640\u0646\u0640\u0647\u0640\u0627\u064a\u0640\u0645 Francis Oppenheim \u00bb \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u00ab \u0643\u0640\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0633 John Colombos \u00bb \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u00ab \u0632\u0627\u0647\u0640\u0648\u0641\u0640\u064a\u062c \u0648 \u0628\u0640\u064a\u0640\u0634\u0640\u0648\u0628 M. Sahovic and W.W.Bishop \u00bb[20].<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a :<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u00ab Used for international navigation \u00bb \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a \u00ab \u0627\u064a\u0640\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0644 Eric BRUEL \u00bb \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0643\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647[21].<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u00ab \u0643\u0640\u0627\u0641\u0640\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0647 Louis CAVARE \u00bb \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 [22].<\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 :<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u2013 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a – \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 Grand Belt\u00bb \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u00ab \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f Sealand \u00bb\u060c<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a[24].<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0641 \u060c \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d[26]\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627[27]\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 15 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1946.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0641\u064a 12 \u064813 \u0646\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0631 1946 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a 25 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1948\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a 9 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1949 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645[29]\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 “\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0641\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645”.<\/span><\/p>\n

” It is , in the opinion of the court , generally recognize and in accordance with international custom , that States in time of peace have a right to send their war-ships through straits used for international navigation between two parts of the high seas without the previous authorization of a coastal State , provided that the passage is innocent. Unless otherwise prescribed in an international convention , there isno right for a coastal State to prohibit such passage through Straits in time of peace “.[30]<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 : \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 9 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1949\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629[31]\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0640\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0640\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0640\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631[32]\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u00ab Useful route for international maritime traffic \u00bb[33]\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641[34]\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 “\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627” \u0623\u0648”\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627” \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a[35].<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u00cb \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647.
\n\u00cb \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627.
\n\u00cb \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629.
\n\u00cb \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646[38].
\n\u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u00ab \u0627\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644 O’Connell \u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a[39].<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a \u00ab \u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644 Eric BRUEL \u00bb<\/span> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0640\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a[40].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 “\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648” \u0648”\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627”.<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

[1]- \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1949 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1951 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\nVoir : Paul REUTER , Droit international public , Collection THEMIS , Presses universitaires de FRANCE , Paris , p 309.<\/p>\n

[2]- \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627.<\/span>
\n[3]- Charles ROUSSEAU , Le droit international public, Dalloz , PARIS , Huiti\u00e8me \u00e9dition , 1976 , p 264.
\n[4]- Ren\u00e9-Jean DUPUY , L\u2019oc\u00e9an partag\u00e9 : analyse d\u2019une n\u00e9gociation , Paris , Edit : A. Pedone , 1979.
\n[5]- Gilbert CHARLES GIDEL , Le droit international public de la mer , Vol. III , Les \u00e9ditions internationales , PARIS , 1934 , p 730.
\n[6]- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 1960\u060c \u0635 63.<\/span>
\n[7]- \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 1975\u060c \u0635 455.
\n[8]- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1969\u060c \u0635 349.
\n[9]- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 : \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1970\u060c \u0635 1070 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/span>
\n[10]- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1975\u060c \u0635 65.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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