{"id":11162,"date":"2016-12-01T22:13:11","date_gmt":"2016-12-01T19:13:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/?p=11162"},"modified":"2017-12-03T05:11:10","modified_gmt":"2017-12-03T02:11:10","slug":"%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mohamah.net\/law\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ac\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\/ \u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a .. \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644.
\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0624\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629… \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 … \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 “\u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0643” (Sputnik) \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957\u060c\u0634\u0639\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642…
\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629(ARPA: Advanced Research Projects Agency) \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f (Rand Corporation) – \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645.
\n\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646 (Paul Baran) \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0649\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u0628\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 (Packet Switched Network).<\/p>\n

\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 …
\n\u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 (Packets) \u0648\u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 … \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1968 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 (ARPA) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 ((BBN \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 (Switch) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 “\u0647\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u0644” (Honeywell).<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1969\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 (ARPA NET)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 4 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u060c\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 50 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0629 \/\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (kilobps) \u2013 \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a ….<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1972 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0649\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Ray Tomtison) \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 (BBN) \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 (ARPA) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629(DARPA: Deforse Advanced Agency). \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0649 (NCP: Network Control Protocol) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 23 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f 50 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1973\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641 (Vint Cerf) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 – \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a – \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0649 (TCP\/IP) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641 (Vint Cerf) \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a (Internet) \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 (TCP). \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627…..<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641(Dr. Robort Metcalfe) – \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062b\u0631\u0646\u062a (Ethernet) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (LAN: Local Area Networks)\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629(SATNET).<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 (TCP\/IP) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 (ARPA NET) \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 111 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1979 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 (Steven Bellvin) \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (New Group).
\n\u0641\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 (IBM) \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 (BITNET :Because Its Time Network) \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 (TCP\/IP) \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0649 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 (Listserv).
\n\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1981 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0649 (NSF: National Science Foundation ) \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a(CS NET) \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 (ARPA NET)\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 56 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0629 \/\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 (ARPA NET)\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 213 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 (IP number) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1983\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0649 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0649 (DNS: Domain Name Server) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647 (IP number)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 562 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 …. \u0641\u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 (ARPA NET) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a (MIL NET) \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 (ARPA NET) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0649 (NSF) \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 (CS NET) \u0625\u0644\u0649 (NSF NET) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 (IBM). \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 1500 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0629\/\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 25 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1024 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1986 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a (IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force) \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a (TI) \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 544.1 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a \/\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0632 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 56 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 (TI).
\n\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (TI) \u0625\u0644\u0649 (TS) \u0648\u0647\u0649\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 45 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\/\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Type text) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0632\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 313 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627.
\n\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0643\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (WWW: World Wide Web) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Internet Society) \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0632\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628…
\n\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1993 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0643\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0643 (Mosaic)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0628 (Netscape) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a… \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a Cyber World<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 ” \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b “.<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 OECD \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 ” \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 “. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a Vivant \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 ” \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 “.<\/p>\n

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\n\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 (White Hat Hackers) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a (System And Network Administrators) \u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629\u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 (Black Hat Hackers) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0647\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0649 (FBI) \u0641\u0649\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2002 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0644\u0648 36 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644 (Denial Of Service Attack) \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644 (Dos) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Hardware) \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 . \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648 \u0647\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Yahoo) \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 (Router) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.
\n\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 2000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2003 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 18 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2002\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644 65 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003.<\/p>\n

2) \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635<\/strong><\/em>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0628\u062b \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629.
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\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a (Domain Names) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a) \u0647\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0629 (First Come First Served) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a (ICANN) (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a (Domain Hunters) \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 (Redirection) \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Nike \u0641\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 (Network Solutions) \u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (http:\/\/www.gatt.org) \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 ((World Trade Organization \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644 WTO \u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 (World Intellectual Property Organization) .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

3) \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u064a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0648 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.
\n\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0629 (Trojan Horse) \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b \u0628\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628 \u0627\u0644attack) (Leapfrog \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (IP Spoofing).
\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0644 (WS32.SOBIG) \u0642\u062f \u0643\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0649 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a(Credit Cards) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0649 (Cash-less Society) \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0643\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0649\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Electronic Commerce) \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Electronic Marketplace) \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644 169 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0649 \u0641\u0649\u0639\u0627\u0645 2001.
\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0645 2001 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 31 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0649 13 \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 300 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637.
\n\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 400 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u0649\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003 \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0648 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a.
\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629
\n(The National Fraud Information Center (NFIC)\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0649\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a:
\n\u2022 \u0641\u0649\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.
\n\u2022 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.
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\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/p>\n

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\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629\u0648\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0643 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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